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Language experience shapes music processing across 40 tonal, pitch-accented, and non-tonal languages

Jingxuan Liu, View ORCID ProfileCourtney B. Hilton, View ORCID ProfileElika Bergelson, View ORCID ProfileSamuel A. Mehr
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.18.464888
Jingxuan Liu
1Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
2Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Courtney B. Hilton
2Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Elika Bergelson
1Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Samuel A. Mehr
2Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
3Data Science Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
4School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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  • For correspondence: sam@wjh.harvard.edu
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Abstract

Tonal languages differ from other languages in their use of pitch (tones) to distinguish words. Some research suggests that the linguistic pitch expertise of tonal language speakers may generalize to improved discrimination of some aspects of musical pitch: tonal language speakers may therefore have music perception advantages over speakers of other languages. The evidence is mixed, however, as prior studies have studied small numbers of participants in only a few tonal languages and countries, making it challenging to disentangle the effects of linguistic experience from variability in music training experience, cultural differences, and so on. Here, we report an assessment of music perception skill in native speakers of 40 languages, with a preregistered exploratory-confirmatory design, including tonal (e.g., Mandarin, Vietnamese), pitch-accented (e.g., Japanese, Croatian), and non-tonal (e.g., Spanish, Hungarian) languages. Whether or not participants had taken music lessons, native speakers of tonal languages (confirmatory n = 20,102) had an improved ability to discriminate musical melodies. But this improvement came with a trade-off: relative to speakers of pitch-accented (confirmatory n = 9,694) or non-tonal languages (confirmatory n = 242,096), tonal speakers were worse at discriminating fine-scale pitch-tuning and worse at processing the musical beat. These results, which held across 5 tonal languages and were robust to geographic and demographic variation, demonstrate that linguistic experience shapes music perception ability, with implications for relations between music, language, and culture in the human mind.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Footnotes

  • https://github.com/themusiclab/language-experience-music

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Posted October 20, 2021.
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Language experience shapes music processing across 40 tonal, pitch-accented, and non-tonal languages
Jingxuan Liu, Courtney B. Hilton, Elika Bergelson, Samuel A. Mehr
bioRxiv 2021.10.18.464888; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.18.464888
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Language experience shapes music processing across 40 tonal, pitch-accented, and non-tonal languages
Jingxuan Liu, Courtney B. Hilton, Elika Bergelson, Samuel A. Mehr
bioRxiv 2021.10.18.464888; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.18.464888

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