ABSTRACT
Cyanobacteria have massively contributed to carbonate deposit formation over the geological history. They are traditionally thought to biomineralize CaCO3 extracellularly as an indirect byproduct of photosynthesis. However, the recent discovery of freshwater cyanobacteria forming intracellular amorphous calcium carbonates (iACC) challenges this view. Despite the geochemical interest of such a biomineralization process, its molecular mechanisms and evolutionary history remain elusive. Here, using comparative genomics, we identify a new gene (ccyA) and protein (calcyanin) family specifically associated with cyanobacterial iACC biomineralization. Calcyanin is composed of a conserved C-terminal domain, which likely adopts an original fold, and a variable N-terminal domain whose structure allows differentiating 4 major types among the 35 known calcyanin homologues. Calcyanin lacks detectable full-length homologs with known function. Yet, genetic and comparative genomic analyses suggest a possible involvement in Ca homeostasis, making this gene family a particularly interesting target for future functional studies. Whatever its function, this new gene family appears as a gene diagnostic of intracellular calcification in cyanobacteria. By searching for ccyA in publicly available genomes, we identified 13 additional cyanobacterial strains forming iACC. This significantly extends our knowledge about the phylogenetic and environmental distribution of cyanobacterial iACC biomineralization, especially with the detection of multicellular genera as well as a marine species. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that iACC biomineralization is ancient, with independent losses in various lineages and some HGT cases that resulted in the broad but patchy distribution of calcyanin across modern cyanobacteria. Overall, iACC biomineralization emerges as a new case of genetically controlled biomineralization in bacteria.
Significance statement Few freshwater species of Cyanobacteria have been known to mineralize amorphous CaCO3 (ACC) intracellularly. Despite the geochemical interest of this biomineralization, its evolutionary history and molecular mechanism remain poorly known. Here, we report the discovery of a new gene family that has no homolog with known function, which proves to be a good diagnostic marker of this process. It allowed to find cyanobacteria in several phyla and environments such as seawater, where ACC biomineralization had not been reported before. Moreover, this gene is ancient and was independently lost in various lineages with some later horizontal transfers, resulting in a broad and patchy phylogenetic distribution in modern cyanobacteria.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
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