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Inactivation mechanism and efficacy of grape seed extract for Human Norovirus surrogate

View ORCID ProfileChamteut Oh, View ORCID ProfileRatul Chowdhury, View ORCID ProfileLaxmicharan Samineni, View ORCID ProfileJoanna L Shisler, Manish Kumar, Thanh H. Nguyen
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.03.471102
Chamteut Oh
1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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Ratul Chowdhury
2Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
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Laxmicharan Samineni
3Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
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Joanna L Shisler
4Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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Manish Kumar
6Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
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Thanh H. Nguyen
1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
5Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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  • For correspondence: thn@illinois.edu
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Abstract

Proper disinfection of harvested food and water is critical to minimize infectious disease. Grape seed extract (GSE), a commonly used health supplement, is a mixture of plant-derived polyphenols. Polyphenols possess anti-microbial and -fungal properties, but anti-viral effects are not well-known. Here we show that GSE outperformed chemical disinfectants (e.g., free chlorine and peracetic acids) in inactivating Tulane virus, a human norovirus surrogate. GSE induced virus aggregation, an event that correlated with a decrease in virus titers. This aggregation and disinfection was not reversible. Molecular docking simulations indicate that polyphenols potentially formed hydrogen bonds and strong hydrophobic interactions with specific residues in viral capsid proteins. Together, these data suggest that polyphenols physically associate with viral capsid proteins to aggregate viruses as a means to inhibit virus entry into the host cell. Plant-based polyphenols like GSE are an attractive alternative to chemical disinfectants to remove infectious viruses from water or food.

Importance Human noroviruses are major food- and water-borne pathogens, causing approximately 20% of all cases of acute gastroenteritis cases in developing and developed countries. Proper sanitation or disinfection are critical strategies to minimize human norovirus-caused disease until a reliable vaccine is created. Grape seed extract (GSE) is a mixture of plant-derived polyphenols that is used as a health supplement. Polyphenols are known for antimicrobial, antifungal, and antibiofilm activities, but antiviral effects are not well-known. In studies here, plant-derived polyphenols outperformed chemical disinfectants (e.g., free chlorine and peracetic acids) in inactivating Tulane virus, a human norovirus surrogate. Based on data from additional molecular assays and molecular docking simulations, the current model is that the polyphenols in GSE bind to the Tulane virus capsid, an event that triggers virion aggregation. It is thought that this aggregation prevents Tulane virus from entering host cells.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
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Posted December 04, 2021.
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Inactivation mechanism and efficacy of grape seed extract for Human Norovirus surrogate
Chamteut Oh, Ratul Chowdhury, Laxmicharan Samineni, Joanna L Shisler, Manish Kumar, Thanh H. Nguyen
bioRxiv 2021.12.03.471102; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.03.471102
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Inactivation mechanism and efficacy of grape seed extract for Human Norovirus surrogate
Chamteut Oh, Ratul Chowdhury, Laxmicharan Samineni, Joanna L Shisler, Manish Kumar, Thanh H. Nguyen
bioRxiv 2021.12.03.471102; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.03.471102

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