ABSTRACT
Objective Fibrotic organ responses have recently been identified as long-term complication in diabetes. Indeed, insulin resistance and aberrant hepatic lipid accumulation represent driving features of progressive non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), ranging from simple steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to fibrosis. Effective pharmacological regimens to stop progressive liver disease are still lacking to-date.
Methods Based on our previous discovery of transforming growth factor beta-like stimulated clone (TSC)22D4 as a key driver of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in obesity and type 2 diabetes, we generated a TSC22D4-hepatocyte specific knockout line (TSC22D4-HepaKO) and exposed mice to control or NASH diet models. Mechanistic insights were generated by metabolic phenotyping and single cell liver sequencing.
Results Hepatic TSC22D4 expression was significantly correlated with markers of liver disease progression and fibrosis in both murine and human livers. Indeed, hepatic TSC22D4 levels were elevated in human NASH patients as well as in several murine NASH models. Specific genetic deletion of TSC22D4 in hepatocytes led to reduced liver lipid accumulation, improvements in steatosis and inflammation scores and decreased apoptosis in mice. Single cell RNA sequencing revealed a distinct gene signature identifying an upregulation of mitochondrial-related processes. An enrichment of genes involved in the TCA cycle, mitochondrial organization, and triglyceride metabolism underscored the hepatocyte-protective phenotype and overall decreased liver damage as seen in mouse models.
Conclusions Together, our data uncover a new connection between targeted depletion of TSC22D4 and intrinsic metabolic processes in progressive liver disease. Cell-specific reduction of TSC22D4 improves hepatic steatosis, inflammation and promotes hepatocyte survival thus paving the way for further preclinical therapy developments.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Footnotes
Conflict of interest statement: The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.
FINANCIAL SUPPORT This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB1118 to S.H. and P.N.; SFB1116 and GRK2576 to M.R.; CRC1118 to the Biobank for Diabetes), the Helmholtz Association (to S.H.).
ABBREVIATIONS
- TSC22D4
- Transforming growth factor beta-like stimulated clone 22 domain 4
- scRNA-seq
- single cell RNA-sequencing
- TG
- triglycerides
- MCD
- methionine-choline deficient
- Met
- metformin
- LNP
- lipid nanoparticle
- CCl4
- carbon tetrachloride