Capturing a crucial ‘disorder-to-order transition’ at the heart of the coronavirus molecular pathology – triggered by highly persistent, interchangeable salt-bridges

Abstract

The COVID-19 origin debate has greatly been influenced by Genome comparison studies of late, revealing the seemingly sudden emergence of the Furin-Like Cleavage Site at the S1/S2 junction of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (FLCS_Spike) containing its ₆₈₁PRRAR₆₈₅ motif, absent in other related respiratory viruses. Being the rate-limiting (i.e., the slowest) step, the host Furin cleavage is instrumental in the abrupt increase in transmissibility in COVID-19, compared to earlier onsets of respiratory viral diseases. In such a context, the current paper entraps a ’disorder-to-order transition’ of the FLCS_Spike (concomitant to an entropy arrest) upon binding to Furin. The interaction clearly seems to be optimized for a more efficient proteolytic cleavage in SARS-CoV-2. The study further shows the formation of dynamically interchangeable and persistent networks of salt-bridges at the Spike–Furin interface in SARS-CoV-2 involving the three arginines (R682, R683, R685) of the FLCS_Spike with several anionic residues (E230, E236, D259, D264, D306) coming from Furin, strategically distributed around its catalytic triad. Multiplicity and structural degeneracy of plausible salt-bridge network archetypes seems the other key characteristic features of the Spike–Furin binding in SARS-CoV-2 allowing the system to breathe – a trademark of protein disorder transitions. Interestingly, with respect to the homologous interaction in SARS-CoV (2002/2003) taken as a baseline, the Spike–Furin binding events generally in the coronavirus lineage seems to have a preference for ionic bond formation, even with lesser number of cationic residues at their potentially polybasic FLCS_Spike patches. The interaction energies are suggestive of a characteristic metastabilities attributed to Spike–Furin interactions generally to the coronavirus lineage – which appears to be favorable for proteolytic cleavages targeted at flexible protein loops. T he current findings not only offer novel mechanistic insights into the coronavirus molecular pathology and evolution but also add substantially to the existing theories of proteolytic cleavages.