Abstract
Facial expressions are indispensable in daily human communication. Previous neuroimaging studies investigating facial expression processing have presented pre-recorded stimuli and lacked live face-to-face interaction. Our paradigm alternated between presentations of real-time model performance and pre-recorded videos of dynamic facial expressions to participants. Simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and facial electromyography activity recordings, as well as post-scan valence and arousal ratings were acquired from 44 female participants. Live facial expressions enhanced the subjective valence and arousal ratings as well as facial muscular responses. Live performances showed greater engagement of the right posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), right amygdala and right fusiform gyrus, and modulated the effective connectivity within the right mirror neuron system (IFG, pSTS, and right inferior parietal lobule). A support vector machine algorithm could classify multivoxel activation patterns in brain regions involved in dynamic facial expression processing in the mentalizing networks (anterior and posterior cingulate cortex). These results indicate that live social interaction modulates the activity and connectivity of the right mirror neuron system and enhances spontaneous mimicry, further facilitating emotional contagion.
Highlights
We alternately presented real-time and pre-recorded dynamic facial expressions.
Live facial expressions enhanced emotion contagion and spontaneous facial mimicry.
Live conditions modulated mirror neuron system activity and effective connectivity.
The mentalizing network showed distinctive multivoxel patterns in live conditions.
The results support the validity of second-person design in social neuroscience.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Footnotes
Additional analysis in the supplementary material with reduced sample size using a more stringent criteria for data exclusion based on the eye-closure of participants; additional limitation on the discriminability and effect size of MVPA results; additional limitation on the frequent eye-closure in the current paradigm. Updated data and code availability statements.
