Cortex-wide fast activation of VIP-expressing inhibitory neurons by reward and punishment

SUMMARY

Reward and punishment powerfully inform ongoing behaviors and drive learning throughout the brain, including neocortex. Yet it remains elusive how these global signals are represented and impact local cortical computations. Previously we found that in auditory cortex, VIP-expressing interneurons are recruited by reinforcement feedback. Here, we used 3D random-access two-photon microscopy and fiber photometry to monitor VIP neural activity in dozens of cortical areas while mice learned an auditory decision task. We show that reward and punishment evoke a rapid, cortex-wide activation of most VIP interneurons. This global recruitment mode of VIP interneurons showed variations in temporal dynamics in individual neurons and across areas. Neither their weak sensory tuning in visual cortex, nor their arousal state modulation was predictive of reinforcer responses of VIP interneurons. We suggest that VIP-expressing cortical inhibitory neurons transduce global reinforcement signals to provide disinhibitory control over local circuit computations and their plasticity.