Abstract
The roles of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in plant-fungal pathogenic interactions are less understood in crops. Here, microscopic, phenotyping, proteomic and biochemical analyses revealed that independent TALEN-based knockout lines of Hordeum vulgare MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3 (HvMPK3 KO) were resistant against Fusarium graminearum infection. When co-cultured with roots of the HvMPK3 KO lines, F. graminearum hyphae were excluded to the extracellular space, the growth pattern of hyphae was considerably deregulated, mycelia development was less efficient and number of appressoria and their penetration potential were significantly reduced. Intracellular penetration of hyphae was preceded by the massive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in attacked cells of the wild type, but it was mitigated in the HvMPK3 KO lines. Suppression of ROS production in these lines coincided with the elevated abundances of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. Moreover, differential proteomic analysis revealed downregulation of defense-related proteins in wild type, and the upregulation of peroxidases, lipid transfer proteins, and cysteine proteases in HvMPK3 KO lines after 24h of F. graminearum inoculation. Consistently with proteomic analysis, microscopic observations showed an enhanced suberin accumulation in roots of HvMPK3 KO lines, most likely contributing to the arrested infection by F. graminearum. These results suggest that TALEN-based knockout of HvMPK3 leads to the barley root resistance against Fusarium root rot.
