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Immunological findings in a group of individuals who were non-responders to standard two-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

Qiang Zeng, Xue Yang, Qi Gao, Biao-yang Lin, Yong-zhe Li, Gang Huang, View ORCID ProfileYang Xu
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.05.490815
Qiang Zeng
1Health Management Institute, the Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Xue Yang
2Outpatient Department, the Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Qi Gao
3Beijing Hotgen Biotechnology Inc., Beijing, China
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Biao-yang Lin
4Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Yong-zhe Li
5Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
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Gang Huang
6Laboratory of Special Diagnosis & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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  • For correspondence: yxu1627@126.com
Yang Xu
4Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
6Laboratory of Special Diagnosis & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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  • ORCID record for Yang Xu
  • For correspondence: yxu1627@126.com
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Abstract

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic. The virus has infected more than 505 million people and caused more than 6 million deaths. However, data on non-responders to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the general population are limited. The objective of the study is to comprehensively compare the immunological characteristics of non-responders to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the 18-59 years with that in the 60 years and older using internationally recognized cutoff values. Participants included 627 individuals who received physical examinations and volunteered to participate in COVID-19 vaccination from the general population. The main outcome was an effective seroconversion characterized by anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG level of at least 4-fold increase from baseline. Profiling of naive immune cells was analyzed prior to vaccination to demonstrate baseline immunity. Outcomes of effective seroconversion in the 18-59 years with that in the 60 years and older were compared. The quantitative level of the anti-spike IgG was significantly lower in the 60 years and older and in men among the 18-59 years. There were 7.5% of non-responders among the 18-59 years and 11.7% of non-responders in the 60 years and older using the 4-fold increase parameter. The effective seroconversion rate was significantly related to the level of certain immune cells before vaccination, such as CD4 cells, CD8 cells and B cells and the age. An individual with a titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG that is below 50 BAU/mL might be considered a non-responder between 14-90 days after the last vaccine dose. Booster vaccination or additional protective measures should be recommended for non-responders as soon as possible to reduce disease severity and mortality.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
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Posted May 06, 2022.
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Immunological findings in a group of individuals who were non-responders to standard two-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccines
Qiang Zeng, Xue Yang, Qi Gao, Biao-yang Lin, Yong-zhe Li, Gang Huang, Yang Xu
bioRxiv 2022.05.05.490815; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.05.490815
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Immunological findings in a group of individuals who were non-responders to standard two-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccines
Qiang Zeng, Xue Yang, Qi Gao, Biao-yang Lin, Yong-zhe Li, Gang Huang, Yang Xu
bioRxiv 2022.05.05.490815; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.05.490815

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