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Graphene Biointerface for Cardiac Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Treatment

View ORCID ProfileZexu Lin, View ORCID ProfileDmitry Kireev, Ning Liu, Shubham Gupta, Jessica LaPaino, Sofian N. Obaid, Zhiyuan Chen, View ORCID ProfileDeji Akinwande, View ORCID ProfileIgor R. Efimov
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.28.497825
Zexu Lin
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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Dmitry Kireev
2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
3Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, 78758 USA
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  • For correspondence: igor.efimov@northwestern.edu d.kireev@utexas.edu
Ning Liu
2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Shubham Gupta
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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Jessica LaPaino
4MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
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Sofian N. Obaid
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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Zhiyuan Chen
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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Deji Akinwande
2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
3Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, 78758 USA
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Igor R. Efimov
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
5Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
6Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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  • For correspondence: igor.efimov@northwestern.edu d.kireev@utexas.edu
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ABSTRACT

The human heart is an efficient electromechanical pump which provides oxygen and nutrients to all human organs. Each heartbeat is ignited and synchronized by an electrical action potential initiating and rapidly propagating through the heart’ s electrical system. Cardiovascular diseases, a leading cause of death in humans, disrupt this synchronous excitation. Heart rhythm disorders, known as arrhythmias, are particularly deadly. Cardiac arrhythmias are primarily treated by implantable pacemakers and defibrillators because pharmacological treatments are mostly ineffective. In this work, we report on graphene-only cardiac pacemakers as advanced cardiac biointerfaces. Leveraging sub-micrometer thick tissue-conformable graphene arrays, we are able to sense from and stimulate the heart, altering its functions, suggesting that the devices can be used for high-density functional interfacing with the heart. The arrays show effective electrochemical properties, namely interface impedance down to 40 Ohm×cm2, charge storage capacity up to 63.7 mC/cm2, and charge injection capacity up to 704 µC/cm2. Transparency of the structures allows for simultaneous optical mapping of cardiac action potentials and calcium transients while performing electrical measurements. Upon validating the graphene-based cardiac pacing in ex vivo mouse hearts, we performed in vivo cardiac pacing in a rat model with clinically induced arrhythmia. The condition was successfully diagnosed and treated using graphene biointerfaces.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Posted July 02, 2022.
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Graphene Biointerface for Cardiac Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Treatment
Zexu Lin, Dmitry Kireev, Ning Liu, Shubham Gupta, Jessica LaPaino, Sofian N. Obaid, Zhiyuan Chen, Deji Akinwande, Igor R. Efimov
bioRxiv 2022.06.28.497825; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.28.497825
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Graphene Biointerface for Cardiac Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Treatment
Zexu Lin, Dmitry Kireev, Ning Liu, Shubham Gupta, Jessica LaPaino, Sofian N. Obaid, Zhiyuan Chen, Deji Akinwande, Igor R. Efimov
bioRxiv 2022.06.28.497825; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.28.497825

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