Abstract
Objective Vascular growth followed by vessel specification is crucial for the establishment of a hierarchical blood vascular network. We have here investigated mechanisms underlying venogenesis, particularly the molecular control over venous fate acquisition during vascular development.
Approach and Results We analyzed the function of TIE1 as well as its synergy with TIE2 in the regulation of vein formation by employing genetic mouse models targeting Tie1 and Tek. Cardinal vein growth appeared normal in TIE1 deficient mice, whereas TIE2 deficiency altered the identity of cardinal vein endothelial cells with the aberrant expression of DLL4. Interestingly, the parallel growth of murine cutaneous veins along with arteries, which was initiated at approximately embryonic day 13.5, was retarded in mice lack of TIE1. Tie1 deletion disrupted also venous integrity, displaying increased sprouting angiogenesis and vascular bleeding. Abnormal venous sprouts with defective arteriovenous alignment were also observed in the mesenteries of Tie1 deleted mice. Mechanistically, TIE1 deficiency resulted in the decreased expression of venous regulators including TIE2 while angiogenic regulators were upregulated. The alteration of TIE2 level by TIE1 insufficiency was further confirmed by the siRNA-mediated knockdown of Tie1 in cultured endothelial cells. Additionally, combining the endothelial deletion of Tie1 with one null allele of Tek resulted in a progressive increase of vein-associated angiogenesis leading to the formation of vascular tufts in retinas, whereas the loss of Tie1 alone produced only a relatively mild venous defect.
Conclusions Findings from this study imply that TIE1 and TIE2 act in a synergistic manner to restrict sprouting angiogenesis during vein formation.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
