Abstract
We probed the lifecycle of EBV on a cell-by-cell basis using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from nine publicly available lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL). While the majority of LCLs comprised cells containing EBV in the latent phase, two other clusters of cells were clearly evident and were distinguished by distinct expression of host and viral genes. Notably, both were high expressors of EBV LMP1/BNLF2 and BZLF1 compared to another cluster that expressed neither gene. The two novel clusters differed from each other in their expression of EBV lytic genes, including glycoprotein gene GP350. The first cluster, comprising GP350−LMP1hi cells, expressed high levels of HIF1A and was transcriptionally regulated by HIF1-α. Treatment of LCLs with Pevonedistat, a drug that enhances HIF1-α signaling, markedly induced this cluster. The second cluster, containing GP350+LMP1hi cells, expressed EBV lytic genes. Host genes that are controlled by super-enhancers (SEs), such as transcription factors MYC and IRF4, had the lowest expression in this cluster. Functionally, the expression of genes regulated by MYC and IRF4 in GP350+LMP1hi cells were lower compared to other cells. Indeed, induction of EBV lytic reactivation in EBV+ AKATA reduced the expression of these SE-regulated genes. Furthermore, CRISPR-mediated perturbation of the MYC or IRF4 SEs in LCLs induced the lytic EBV gene expression, suggesting that host SEs and/or SE target genes are required for maintenance of EBV latency. Collectively, our study revealed EBV associated heterogeneity among LCLs that may have functional consequence on host and viral biology.
Importance Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes a life-long latency program within host cells. As such, EBV immortalized lymphoblastoid cells (LCLs) often carry the latent EBV genome and only a small percentage of LCLs containing lytic EBV. However, the cellular programs that distinguish latent from lytic cells and the heterogeneity of cells in latent or lytic phases remains poorly explored. To explore these unknowns, we reanalyzed publicly available single cell RNA-seq data from nine LCLs. This approach permitted the simultaneous study of cells in both latent and lytic phases. We identified three cell populations with distinct lytic/latent activity and further characterized the transcriptomes of these cells. We also identified a new role of super-enhancers in regulating EBV lytic replication. Collectively, our studies revealed EBV associated heterogeneity among LCLs that contribute to EBV life cycle and biology.
