ABSTRACT
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) via implanted electrodes is used worldwide to treat patients with severe neurological and psychiatric disorders however its invasiveness precludes widespread clinical use and deployment in research. Temporal interference (TI) is a strategy for non-invasive steerable DBS using multiple kHz-range electric fields with a difference frequency within the range of neural activity. Here we report the validation of the non-invasive DBS concept in humans. We used electric field modelling and measurements in a human cadaver to verify that the locus of the transcranial TI stimulation can be steerably focused in the hippocampus with minimal exposure to the overlying cortex. We then used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and behaviour experiments to show that TI stimulation can focally modulate hippocampal activity and enhance the accuracy of episodic memories in healthy humans. Our results demonstrate targeted, non-invasive electrical stimulation of deep structures in the human brain.
Competing Interest Statement
N.G. and E.S.B are inventors of a patent on the technology, assigned to MIT. E.S.B., N.G., N.K., A.P-L. and E.N. are co-founders of TI Solutions AG, a company committed to producing hardware and software solutions to support TI research.
Footnotes
The manuscript has been revised. Updated text, figures and supplemental material.
