Phosphorylation of phase-separated p62 bodies by ULK1 activates a redox-independent stress response

Abstract

NRF2 is a transcription factor responsible for antioxidant stress responses that is usually regulated in a redox-dependent manner. p62 bodies formed by liquid-liquid phase separation contain Ser349-phosphorylated p62, which participates in the redox-independent activation of NRF2. However, the regulatory mechanism and physiological significance of phosphorylation remain unclear. Herein, we identify ULK1 as a kinase responsible for phosphorylation of p62. ULK1 co-localizes with p62 bodies, and directly interacts with p62. This phosphorylation allows KEAP1 to be retained within p62 bodies, activating NRF2. p62^S351E/+ mice are phosphomimetic knock-in mice in which Ser351 corresponding to human Ser349 is replaced by Glu. These mice, but not phosphodefective p62^S351A/S351A mice, exhibit NRF2 hyperactivation and growth retardation, the latter caused by malnutrition and dehydration due to obstruction of the esophagus and forestomach secondary to hyperkeratosis. p62^S351E/+ mice are a phenocopy of systemic Keap1-knockout mice. Our results expand our understanding of the physiological importance of the redox-independent NRF2 activation pathway and provide new insight into the role of phase separation in this process.