ABSTRACT
Kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) lack a contiguous network of collecting ducts, which limits their utility in modeling kidney development and disease. Here, we report the generation of kidney organoids containing ureteric bud (UB)-derived collecting ducts connected to metanephric mesenchyme (MM)-derived nephrons using developmentally-inspired hypoxic differentiation conditions. Hypoxia promotes a reiterative process of branching morphogenesis and nephron induction through reciprocal interactions between co-induced MM and UB, which lead to a higher-order kidney organogenesis in vitro. The resulting kidney organoids demonstrate greater maturity, as indicated by higher levels of functional markers and more realistic micro-anatomy of the tubules and collecting ducts. Additionally, these hypoxic-enhanced kidney organoids show a great potential as in vitro models for renal cystic diseases, as they efficiently generate cystic formations and display high sensitivity to drugs. This hypoxia approach may open new avenues for an enhanced understanding of kidney development and diseases.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
