Abstract
Bacterial contractile injection systems (CIS) are phage tail-like macromolecular complexes that mediate cell-cell interactions by injecting effector proteins into target cells. CIS from Streptomyces coelicolor (CISSc) are localized in the cytoplasm. Under stress, they induce cell death and impact the bacteria’s life cycle. It remains unknown whether CISSc require accessory proteins to directly interact with the cytoplasmic membrane and function.
Here, we characterize the putative membrane adaptor CisA, a conserved factor in CIS gene clusters across Streptomyces species. We show by cryo-electron tomography imaging and in vivo assays that CISSc contraction and function depend on CisA. Using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy, we provide an atomic model of the extended CISSc apparatus; however, CisA is not part of the complex. Instead, our findings show that CisA is a membrane protein with a cytoplasmic N-terminus predicted to interact with CISSc components, thereby providing a possible mechanism for mediating CISSc recruitment to the membrane and subsequent firing.
Our work shows that CIS function in multicellular bacteria is distinct from Type 6 Secretion Systems and extracellular CIS, and possibly evolved due to the role CISSc play in regulated cell death.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Footnotes
Supplementary Figures 1, 9, and 10 have been added, and the corresponding sections in the main text have been updated.