Abstract
Mitochondria, often referred to the powerhouse of the cell, are essential for cellular energy production, and their dysfunction can profoundly affect various organs. Transplantation of healthy mitochondria can restore the bioenergetics in diseased cells and address multiple conditions, but more potentials of this approach remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the source of transplanted mitochondria is not limited by species, as exhibit no significant responses to mitochondria derived from different germlines. Moreover, we identified that metabolic compatibility between the recipient and exogenous mitochondria as a crucial factor in mitochondrial transplantation, which confers unique metabolic properties to recipient cells, enabling them to combat diseases. Additionally, our findings indicated competitive interactions among mitochondria with varying functions, with more bioenergetic-active mitochondria yielded superior therapeutic benefits. Notably, no upper limit for the bio-enhancement provided by exogenous mitochondria has been identified. Based on these insights, we proposes a novel therapeutic approach—adaptive bio-enhancement through mitochondrial transplantation.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Footnotes
Deleted Figure 2D, Figure 3G, Figure 6N, Figure S2A, S2B, increased the data supplement of Figure S1A-B, increased the data supplement of Extend Figure 1, and changed the data form of Extend Figure. Discussion was completely rewritten to make it more reasonable.