Neoplastic immune mimicry is a generalizable phenomenon in breast cancer and epithelial CD69 enables early tumor progression

ABSTRACT

Dedifferentiation programs are commonly enacted during breast cancer progression to enhance tumor cell fitness. Increased cellular plasticity within the neoplastic compartment of tumors correlates with disease aggressiveness, often culminating in greater resistance to cytotoxic therapies or the augmented ability to metastasize to distant organs. Here we report that subpopulations of dedifferentiated neoplastic breast epithelial cells express canonical leukocyte cell surface receptor proteins and have thus named this cellular program “immune mimicry.” We document neoplastic cells engaging in immune mimicry within public human breast tumor single-cell RNA-seq datasets, histopathological breast tumor specimens, breast cancer cell lines, as well as in murine transgenic and cell line-derived mammary cancer models. Immune-mimicked neoplastic cells harbor hallmarks of dedifferentiation and appear enriched in treatment-resistant and high-grade breast tumors. We corroborated these observations in aggressive breast cancer cell lines where growth-arresting cytotoxic chemotherapies drove epithelial cells toward immune mimicry. Moreover, in subsequent proof-of-concept studies, we demonstrate that expression of the CD69 leukocyte activation marker by neoplastic cells confers a proliferative advantage that facilitates early tumor growth. We conclude neoplastic breast epithelial cells that upregulate leukocyte surface receptors potentiate malignancy. Moving forward, neoplastic immune mimicry should be evaluated for prognostic utility in breast cancer to determine its stratification potential for patients with increased risks of tumor recurrence, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance.