New Results
Ancient origin of an urban underground mosquito
View ORCID ProfileYuki Haba, Matthew L. Aardema, Maria O. Afonso, Natasha M. Agramonte, John Albright, Ana Margarida Alho, Antonio P.G. Almeida, Haoues Alout, Bulent Alten, View ORCID ProfileMine Altinli, Raouf Amara Korba, Stefanos S. Andreadis, Vincent Anghel, Soukaina Arich, Arielle Arsenault-Benoit, Célestine Atyame, Fabien Aubry, Frank W. Avila, Diego Ayala, Rasha S. Azrag, Lilit Babayan, Allon Bear, Norbert Becker, Anna G. Bega, Sophia Bejarano, Ira Ben-Avi, Joshua B. Benoit, Saïd C. Boubidi, William E. Bradshaw, Daniel Bravo-Barriga, Rubén Bueno-Marí, Nataša Bušić, Viktoria Čabanová, Brittany Cabeje, Beniamino Caputo, Maria V. Cardo, Simon Carpenter, Elena Carreton, Mouhamadou S. Chouaïbou, Michelle Christian, Maureen Coetzee, William R. Conner, Anton Cornel, C. Lorna Culverwell, Aleksandra I. Cupina, Katrien De Wolf, Isra Deblauwe, Brittany Deegan, Sarah Delacour-Estrella, Alessandra della Torre, Debora Diaz, Serena E. Dool, Vitor L dos Anjos, Sisay Dugassa, Babak Ebrahimi, Samar Y.M. Eisa, Nohal Elissa, Sahar A.B. Fallatah, Ary Faraji, Marina V. Fedorova, Emily Ferrill, View ORCID ProfileDina M. Fonseca, Kimberly A. Foss, Cipriano Foxi, Caio M. França, Stephen R. Fricker, Megan L. Fritz, Eva Frontera, Hans-Peter Fuehrer, Kyoko Futami, Enas H.S. Ghallab, Romain Girod, Mikhail I. Gordeev, David Greer, Martin Gschwind, Milehna M. Guarido, Teoh Guat Ney, Filiz Gunay, Eran Haklay, Alwia A.E. Hamad, View ORCID ProfileJun Hang, Christopher M. Hardy, Jacob W. Hartle, Jenny C. Hesson, Yukiko Higa, Christina M. Holzapfel, Ann-Christin Honnen, Angela M. Ionica, Laura Jones, Përparim Kadriaj, Hany A. Kamal, Colince Kamdem, Dmitry A. Karagodin, Shinji Kasai, Mihaela Kavran, Emad I.M. Khater, Frederik Kiene, Heung-Chul Kim, Ilias Kioulos, Annette Klein, Marko Klemenčić, Ana Klobučar, Erin Knutson, Constantianus J.M. Koenraadt, Linda Kothera, Pauline Kreienbühl, Pierrick Labbé, Itay Lachmi, View ORCID ProfileLouis Lambrechts, Nediljko Landeka, Christopher H. Lee, Bryan D. Lessard, Ignacio Leycegui, Jan O. Lundström, Yoav Lustigman, Caitlin MacIntyre, Andrew J. Mackay, View ORCID ProfileKrisztian Magori, Carla Maia, Colin A. Malcolm, Ralph-Joncyn O. Marquez, Dino Martins, Reem A. Masri, Gillian McDivitt, Rebekah J. McMinn, Johana Medina, Karen S. Mellor, Jason Mendoza, Enrih Merdić, Stacey Mesler, Camille Mestre, Homer Miranda, Martina Miterpáková, Fabrizio Montarsi, Anton V. Moskaev, Tong Mu, Tim W.R. Möhlmann, Alice Namias, Ivy Ng’iru, Marc F. Ngangué, Maria T. Novo, Laor Orshan, José A. Oteo, Yasushi Otsuka, Rossella Panarese, Claudia Paredes-Esquivel, Lusine Paronyan, Steven T. Peper, Dušan V. Petrić, Kervin Pilapil, Cristina Pou-Barreto, Sebastien J. Puechmaille, Ute Radespiel, Nil Rahola, Vivek K Raman, Hamadouche Redouane, Michael H. Reiskind, Nadja M. Reissen, Benjamin L. Rice, Vincent Robert, Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo, Ryan Salamat, Amy Salamone, M’hammed Sarih, Giuseppe Satta, Kyoko Sawabe, View ORCID ProfileFrancis Schaffner, Karen E. Schultz, Elena V. Shaikevich, View ORCID ProfileIgor V. Sharakhov, Maria V. Sharakhova, Nader Shatara, Anuarbek K. Sibataev, Mathieu Sicard, Evan Smith, Ryan C. Smith, Nathalie Smitz, Nicolas Soriano, Christos G. Spanoudis, Christopher M. Stone, Liora Studentsky, Tatiana Sulesco, Luciano M. Tantely, La K. Thao, Noor Tietze, Ryan E. Tokarz, Kun-Hsien Tsai, Yoshio Tsuda, Nataša Turić, Melissa R. Uhran, Isik Unlu, View ORCID ProfileWim Van Bortel, Haykuhi Vardanyan, Laura Vavassori, Enkelejda Velo, Marietjie Venter, Goran Vignjević, Chantal B.F. Vogels, Tatsiana Volkava, John Vontas, Heather M. Ward, Nazni Wasi Ahmad, Mylène Weill, Jennifer D. West, Sarah S. Wheeler, Gregory S. White, Nadja C. Wipf, Tai-Ping Wu, Kai-Di Yu, Elke Zimmermann, Carina Zittra, View ORCID ProfilePetra Korlević, Erica McAlister, Mara K.N. Lawniczak, View ORCID ProfileMolly Schumer, View ORCID ProfileNoah H. Rose, View ORCID ProfileCarolyn S. McBride
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.26.634793
Yuki Haba
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
2Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
Matthew L. Aardema
3Department of Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
Maria O. Afonso
4Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Natasha M. Agramonte
5DeKalb County Board of Health, Decatur, GA, USA
John Albright
6Shasta Mosquito and Vector Control District, Anderson, CA 96007, USA
Ana Margarida Alho
7Public Health Unit USP Francisco George, Primary Medical Healthcare Cluster Lisbon North, Largo Professor Arnaldo Sampaio, 1549-010 Lisboa, Portugal
Antonio P.G. Almeida
4Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Haoues Alout
8ASTRE, UMR 117, INRAE-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
Bulent Alten
9Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, VERG Laboratories, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
Mine Altinli
10Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France
11Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
Raouf Amara Korba
12Laboratory of Health and Environment, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences and of Earth and Universe Sciences, Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi University, Bordj Bou Arreridj, 34030, Algeria
Stefanos S. Andreadis
13Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization – DIMITRA, 57001 Thermi, Greece
Vincent Anghel
14Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV 89107, USA
Soukaina Arich
10Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France
15Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
Arielle Arsenault-Benoit
16Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Célestine Atyame
17University of Reunion Island, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical) CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, University of Reunion Island, Reunion Island, France
Fabien Aubry
18Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France
Frank W. Avila
19Max Planck Tandem Group in Mosquito Reproductive Biology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 050010, Colombia
Diego Ayala
20MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34394 Montpellier, France
21CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon
Rasha S. Azrag
22Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Lilit Babayan
23National Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Yerevan 0025, Republic of Armenia
Allon Bear
24E7 Ministry of Environmental Protection, Ramla, Israel
Norbert Becker
25Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
26German Mosquito Control Association, Speyer, Germany
Anna G. Bega
27Laboratory of Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Scientific and Educational Center in Chernogolovka, Federal State University of Education, Moscow 105005, Russia
28Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
Sophia Bejarano
29County of San Diego, Vector Control Program, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
Ira Ben-Avi
30Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
Joshua B. Benoit
31Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211, USA
Saïd C. Boubidi
32Entomology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Algeria, Algiers, Algeria
William E. Bradshaw
33Institute of Ecology and Evolution, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289, USA
Daniel Bravo-Barriga
34Parasitología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
35Department of Animal Health Department (Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Sanidad Animal Building, Rabanales Campus, Córdoba, Spain
Rubén Bueno-Marí
36European Center of Excellence for Vector Control, Laboratorios Lokímica - Rentokil Initial, Valencia, Spain
Nataša Bušić
37Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, 31000, Croatia
Viktoria Čabanová
38Department of Virus Ecology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 845 05, Slovakia
Brittany Cabeje
29County of San Diego, Vector Control Program, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
Beniamino Caputo
39Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, 00185, Italy
Maria V. Cardo
40Ecología de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, UNSAM, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Simon Carpenter
41The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
Elena Carreton
42Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Mouhamadou S. Chouaïbou
43Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan 1301, Côte d’Ivoire
Michelle Christian
29County of San Diego, Vector Control Program, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
Maureen Coetzee
44Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
45Centre for Emerging Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
William R. Conner
46Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Anton Cornel
47Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648, USA
C. Lorna Culverwell
48University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki 00014, Finland
49Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
Aleksandra I. Cupina
50Faculty of Agriculture, Centre of Excellence One Health Vectors and Climate, Laboratory for Medical and Veterinary Entomology, University of Novi Sad, 21101 Novi Sad, Serbia
Katrien De Wolf
51Entomology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
Isra Deblauwe
51Entomology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
Brittany Deegan
52Consolidated Mosquito Abatement District, Parlier, CA 93648, USA
Sarah Delacour-Estrella
53Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
Alessandra della Torre
39Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, 00185, Italy
Debora Diaz
30Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
Serena E. Dool
54Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, 17489, Germany
Vitor L dos Anjos
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
Sisay Dugassa
55Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Babak Ebrahimi
56Santa Clara County Vector Control District, San Jose, CA 95112, USA
Samar Y.M. Eisa
22Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Nohal Elissa
57Département Faune et Actions de Salubrité, Service Parisien de Santé Environnementale, Direction de la Santé Publique, Ville de Paris, Paris 75019, France
Sahar A.B. Fallatah
58Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam 31113, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ary Faraji
59Salt Lake City Mosquito Abatement District, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA
Marina V. Fedorova
60Сentral Research Institute for Epidemiology, Moscow, 111123, Russia
Emily Ferrill
29County of San Diego, Vector Control Program, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
Dina M. Fonseca
61Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Kimberly A. Foss
62Northeast Massachusetts Mosquito Control District, 118 Tenney Street, Georgetown, MA 01833, USA
Cipriano Foxi
63Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100, Sassari, Italy
Caio M. França
64Department of Biology, Southern Nazarene University, Bethany, OK, USA
Stephen R. Fricker
65STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
66Medical Entomology, Centre for Disease Control and Environmental Health, NT Health, NT, Australia
Megan L. Fritz
16Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Eva Frontera
34Parasitología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
Hans-Peter Fuehrer
67Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
Kyoko Futami
68Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
Enas H.S. Ghallab
69Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
Romain Girod
70Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
Mikhail I. Gordeev
71Department of General Biology and Ecology, Federal State University of Education, 105005 Moscow, Russia
David Greer
14Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV 89107, USA
Martin Gschwind
72Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
73University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Milehna M. Guarido
74Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Arbo and Respiratory Virus Research (CEARV), Department Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
75Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
Teoh Guat Ney
76Medical Entomology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute For Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Jalan Pahang 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Filiz Gunay
9Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, VERG Laboratories, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
Eran Haklay
77Ministry of Environmental Protection, Jerusalem, Israel
Alwia A.E. Hamad
22Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Jun Hang
78Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
Christopher M. Hardy
79Environment, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia
Jacob W. Hartle
80Placer Mosquito & Vector Control District, Roseville, CA 95678, USA
Jenny C. Hesson
81Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology/Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75123, Sweden
82Biologisk Myggkontroll, Nedre Dalälven Utvecklings AB, Uppsala, SE-75646, Sweden
Yukiko Higa
83Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
Christina M. Holzapfel
33Institute of Ecology and Evolution, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289, USA
Ann-Christin Honnen
72Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
73University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Angela M. Ionica
84Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Laura Jones
41The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
Përparim Kadriaj
85Vector Control Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
Hany A. Kamal
86Department of Pest Control Projects, Dallah Company, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Colince Kamdem
87Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
Dmitry A. Karagodin
88Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
Shinji Kasai
83Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
Mihaela Kavran
50Faculty of Agriculture, Centre of Excellence One Health Vectors and Climate, Laboratory for Medical and Veterinary Entomology, University of Novi Sad, 21101 Novi Sad, Serbia
Emad I.M. Khater
69Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
Frederik Kiene
89Institute of Zoology and Institute of Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany
Heung-Chul Kim
90Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
Ilias Kioulos
91Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece
Annette Klein
89Institute of Zoology and Institute of Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany
Marko Klemenčić
92Croatian Institute for Public Health of Međimurje County, 40000 Čakovec, Croatia
Ana Klobučar
93Department of Epidemiology, Andrija Stampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
Erin Knutson
94Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, WA 98504, USA
Constantianus J.M. Koenraadt
95Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Linda Kothera
96Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
Pauline Kreienbühl
18Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France
Pierrick Labbé
10Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France
97Institut Universitaire de France, 75005, Paris, France
Itay Lachmi
98Nature and Parks Authority, Jerusalem, Israel
Louis Lambrechts
18Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France
Nediljko Landeka
99Institute of Public Health of the Istrian County, 52100 Pula, Croatia
Christopher H. Lee
100Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Bryan D. Lessard
101Australian National Insect Collection, National Research Collections Australia, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia
Ignacio Leycegui
14Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV 89107, USA
Jan O. Lundström
81Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology/Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75123, Sweden
82Biologisk Myggkontroll, Nedre Dalälven Utvecklings AB, Uppsala, SE-75646, Sweden
Yoav Lustigman
98Nature and Parks Authority, Jerusalem, Israel
Caitlin MacIntyre
102Zoonotic Arbo- and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Andrew J. Mackay
103Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
Krisztian Magori
104Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA 99004, USA
Carla Maia
4Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Colin A. Malcolm
105School of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, United Kingdom
Ralph-Joncyn O. Marquez
29County of San Diego, Vector Control Program, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
Dino Martins
106Mpala Research Centre, 555-10400, Nanyuki, Kenya
Reem A. Masri
107Department of Entomology and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
Gillian McDivitt
29County of San Diego, Vector Control Program, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
Rebekah J. McMinn
108Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
Johana Medina
109Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control, Miami, FL 33178, USA
Karen S. Mellor
110Antelope Valley Mosquito & Vector Control District, Lancaster, CA 93535, USA
Jason Mendoza
29County of San Diego, Vector Control Program, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
Enrih Merdić
37Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, 31000, Croatia
Stacey Mesler
29County of San Diego, Vector Control Program, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
Camille Mestre
10Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France
Homer Miranda
29County of San Diego, Vector Control Program, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
Martina Miterpáková
111Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
Fabrizio Montarsi
112Laboratorio di Entomologia Sanitaria e Patogeni Trasmessi da Vettori, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
Anton V. Moskaev
27Laboratory of Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Scientific and Educational Center in Chernogolovka, Federal State University of Education, Moscow 105005, Russia
Tong Mu
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
Tim W.R. Möhlmann
95Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Alice Namias
10Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France
Ivy Ng’iru
106Mpala Research Centre, 555-10400, Nanyuki, Kenya
Marc F. Ngangué
21CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon
Maria T. Novo
4Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Laor Orshan
30Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
José A. Oteo
113Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases (CRETAV), San Pedro University Hospital-Center for Biomedical Research from La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, 26006, Spain
Yasushi Otsuka
114Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
Rossella Panarese
115Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Italy
Claudia Paredes-Esquivel
116Parasitology and Mediterranean Ecoepidemiology Research Group, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
Lusine Paronyan
23National Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Yerevan 0025, Republic of Armenia
Steven T. Peper
117Anastasia Mosquito Control District of St. Johns County, Augustine, FL 32092, USA
Dušan V. Petrić
50Faculty of Agriculture, Centre of Excellence One Health Vectors and Climate, Laboratory for Medical and Veterinary Entomology, University of Novi Sad, 21101 Novi Sad, Serbia
Kervin Pilapil
29County of San Diego, Vector Control Program, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
Cristina Pou-Barreto
118Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias. Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38206, Spain
Sebastien J. Puechmaille
10Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France
97Institut Universitaire de France, 75005, Paris, France
119Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
Ute Radespiel
120Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany
Nil Rahola
20MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34394 Montpellier, France
Vivek K Raman
14Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV 89107, USA
Hamadouche Redouane
121Regional Health Observatories, Oran, Algeria
Michael H. Reiskind
122Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USA
Nadja M. Reissen
59Salt Lake City Mosquito Abatement District, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA
Benjamin L. Rice
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
123Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Maroantsetra, Madagascar
Vincent Robert
20MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34394 Montpellier, France
Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo
113Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases (CRETAV), San Pedro University Hospital-Center for Biomedical Research from La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, 26006, Spain
Ryan Salamat
29County of San Diego, Vector Control Program, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
Amy Salamone
94Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, WA 98504, USA
M’hammed Sarih
15Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
Giuseppe Satta
63Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100, Sassari, Italy
Kyoko Sawabe
83Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
Francis Schaffner
124Francis Schaffner Consultancy, Riehen, Switzerland
125National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Karen E. Schultz
126Mosquito and Vector Management District of Santa Barbara County, Summerland, CA 93067, USA
Elena V. Shaikevich
28Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
Igor V. Sharakhov
107Department of Entomology and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
127Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
Maria V. Sharakhova
107Department of Entomology and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
128Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 10, Ac. Lavrentieva ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
Nader Shatara
129San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
Anuarbek K. Sibataev
130Department of Biology, Plant Protection and Quarantine, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan
131Department of General Biology and Genomics, Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Mathieu Sicard
10Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France
Evan Smith
31Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211, USA
Ryan C. Smith
100Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Nathalie Smitz
132Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
Nicolas Soriano
29County of San Diego, Vector Control Program, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
Christos G. Spanoudis
133Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Christopher M. Stone
103Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
Liora Studentsky
30Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
Tatiana Sulesco
11Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
Luciano M. Tantely
134Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
La K. Thao
135Kern Mosquito & Vector Control District, Bakersfield, CA 93314, USA
Noor Tietze
56Santa Clara County Vector Control District, San Jose, CA 95112, USA
Ryan E. Tokarz
136Department of International and Global Studies, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA
Kun-Hsien Tsai
137Department of Public Health, Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 100025, Taiwan
Yoshio Tsuda
83Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
Nataša Turić
37Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, 31000, Croatia
Melissa R. Uhran
31Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211, USA
Isik Unlu
109Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control, Miami, FL 33178, USA
Wim Van Bortel
51Entomology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
138Outbreak Research Team, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
Haykuhi Vardanyan
23National Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Yerevan 0025, Republic of Armenia
Laura Vavassori
72Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
73University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Enkelejda Velo
85Vector Control Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
Marietjie Venter
74Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Arbo and Respiratory Virus Research (CEARV), Department Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
139Emerging Viral Threats, One Health Vaccines and Surveillance (EVITOH) Division, Infectious Disease and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Goran Vignjević
37Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, 31000, Croatia
Chantal B.F. Vogels
95Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
140Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
Tatsiana Volkava
141Laboratory of Parasitology, The State Scientific and Production Amalgamation, The Scientific and Practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Biological Resources, Belarus, Minsk
John Vontas
91Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece
142Institute Molecular Biology Biotechnology Foundation for Research and Technology, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Heather M. Ward
117Anastasia Mosquito Control District of St. Johns County, Augustine, FL 32092, USA
Nazni Wasi Ahmad
76Medical Entomology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute For Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Jalan Pahang 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Mylène Weill
10Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France
Jennifer D. West
80Placer Mosquito & Vector Control District, Roseville, CA 95678, USA
Sarah S. Wheeler
143Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito & Vector Control District, Elk Grove, CA, 95624, USA
Gregory S. White
59Salt Lake City Mosquito Abatement District, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA
Nadja C. Wipf
72Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
73University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
144Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
Tai-Ping Wu
145Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
Kai-Di Yu
146Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
Elke Zimmermann
120Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany
Carina Zittra
147Division Limnology, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
Petra Korlević
148Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
Erica McAlister
49Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
Mara K.N. Lawniczak
148Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
Molly Schumer
149Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Noah H. Rose
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
2Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
Carolyn S. McBride
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
2Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
Abstract
Understanding how life is adapting to urban environments represents an important challenge in evolutionary biology. Here we investigate a widely cited example of urban adaptation, Culex pipiens form molestus, also known as the London Underground Mosquito. Population genomic analysis of ∼350 contemporary and historical samples counter the popular hypothesis that molestus originated belowground in London less than 200 years ago. Instead, we show that molestus first adapted to human environments aboveground in the Middle East over the course of >1000 years, likely in concert with the rise of agricultural civilizations. Our results highlight the role of early human society in priming taxa for contemporary urban evolution and have important implications for understanding arbovirus transmission.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Footnotes
We revised the Discussion text for clarity and corrected a few formatting and stylistic matters.
Copyright
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Posted February 05, 2025.
Ancient origin of an urban underground mosquito
Yuki Haba, Matthew L. Aardema, Maria O. Afonso, Natasha M. Agramonte, John Albright, Ana Margarida Alho, Antonio P.G. Almeida, Haoues Alout, Bulent Alten, Mine Altinli, Raouf Amara Korba, Stefanos S. Andreadis, Vincent Anghel, Soukaina Arich, Arielle Arsenault-Benoit, Célestine Atyame, Fabien Aubry, Frank W. Avila, Diego Ayala, Rasha S. Azrag, Lilit Babayan, Allon Bear, Norbert Becker, Anna G. Bega, Sophia Bejarano, Ira Ben-Avi, Joshua B. Benoit, Saïd C. Boubidi, William E. Bradshaw, Daniel Bravo-Barriga, Rubén Bueno-Marí, Nataša Bušić, Viktoria Čabanová, Brittany Cabeje, Beniamino Caputo, Maria V. Cardo, Simon Carpenter, Elena Carreton, Mouhamadou S. Chouaïbou, Michelle Christian, Maureen Coetzee, William R. Conner, Anton Cornel, C. Lorna Culverwell, Aleksandra I. Cupina, Katrien De Wolf, Isra Deblauwe, Brittany Deegan, Sarah Delacour-Estrella, Alessandra della Torre, Debora Diaz, Serena E. Dool, Vitor L dos Anjos, Sisay Dugassa, Babak Ebrahimi, Samar Y.M. Eisa, Nohal Elissa, Sahar A.B. Fallatah, Ary Faraji, Marina V. Fedorova, Emily Ferrill, Dina M. Fonseca, Kimberly A. Foss, Cipriano Foxi, Caio M. França, Stephen R. Fricker, Megan L. Fritz, Eva Frontera, Hans-Peter Fuehrer, Kyoko Futami, Enas H.S. Ghallab, Romain Girod, Mikhail I. Gordeev, David Greer, Martin Gschwind, Milehna M. Guarido, Teoh Guat Ney, Filiz Gunay, Eran Haklay, Alwia A.E. Hamad, Jun Hang, Christopher M. Hardy, Jacob W. Hartle, Jenny C. Hesson, Yukiko Higa, Christina M. Holzapfel, Ann-Christin Honnen, Angela M. Ionica, Laura Jones, Përparim Kadriaj, Hany A. Kamal, Colince Kamdem, Dmitry A. Karagodin, Shinji Kasai, Mihaela Kavran, Emad I.M. Khater, Frederik Kiene, Heung-Chul Kim, Ilias Kioulos, Annette Klein, Marko Klemenčić, Ana Klobučar, Erin Knutson, Constantianus J.M. Koenraadt, Linda Kothera, Pauline Kreienbühl, Pierrick Labbé, Itay Lachmi, Louis Lambrechts, Nediljko Landeka, Christopher H. Lee, Bryan D. Lessard, Ignacio Leycegui, Jan O. Lundström, Yoav Lustigman, Caitlin MacIntyre, Andrew J. Mackay, Krisztian Magori, Carla Maia, Colin A. Malcolm, Ralph-Joncyn O. Marquez, Dino Martins, Reem A. Masri, Gillian McDivitt, Rebekah J. McMinn, Johana Medina, Karen S. Mellor, Jason Mendoza, Enrih Merdić, Stacey Mesler, Camille Mestre, Homer Miranda, Martina Miterpáková, Fabrizio Montarsi, Anton V. Moskaev, Tong Mu, Tim W.R. Möhlmann, Alice Namias, Ivy Ng’iru, Marc F. Ngangué, Maria T. Novo, Laor Orshan, José A. Oteo, Yasushi Otsuka, Rossella Panarese, Claudia Paredes-Esquivel, Lusine Paronyan, Steven T. Peper, Dušan V. Petrić, Kervin Pilapil, Cristina Pou-Barreto, Sebastien J. Puechmaille, Ute Radespiel, Nil Rahola, Vivek K Raman, Hamadouche Redouane, Michael H. Reiskind, Nadja M. Reissen, Benjamin L. Rice, Vincent Robert, Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo, Ryan Salamat, Amy Salamone, M’hammed Sarih, Giuseppe Satta, Kyoko Sawabe, Francis Schaffner, Karen E. Schultz, Elena V. Shaikevich, Igor V. Sharakhov, Maria V. Sharakhova, Nader Shatara, Anuarbek K. Sibataev, Mathieu Sicard, Evan Smith, Ryan C. Smith, Nathalie Smitz, Nicolas Soriano, Christos G. Spanoudis, Christopher M. Stone, Liora Studentsky, Tatiana Sulesco, Luciano M. Tantely, La K. Thao, Noor Tietze, Ryan E. Tokarz, Kun-Hsien Tsai, Yoshio Tsuda, Nataša Turić, Melissa R. Uhran, Isik Unlu, Wim Van Bortel, Haykuhi Vardanyan, Laura Vavassori, Enkelejda Velo, Marietjie Venter, Goran Vignjević, Chantal B.F. Vogels, Tatsiana Volkava, John Vontas, Heather M. Ward, Nazni Wasi Ahmad, Mylène Weill, Jennifer D. West, Sarah S. Wheeler, Gregory S. White, Nadja C. Wipf, Tai-Ping Wu, Kai-Di Yu, Elke Zimmermann, Carina Zittra, Petra Korlević, Erica McAlister, Mara K.N. Lawniczak, Molly Schumer, Noah H. Rose, Carolyn S. McBride
bioRxiv 2025.01.26.634793; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.26.634793
Ancient origin of an urban underground mosquito
Yuki Haba, Matthew L. Aardema, Maria O. Afonso, Natasha M. Agramonte, John Albright, Ana Margarida Alho, Antonio P.G. Almeida, Haoues Alout, Bulent Alten, Mine Altinli, Raouf Amara Korba, Stefanos S. Andreadis, Vincent Anghel, Soukaina Arich, Arielle Arsenault-Benoit, Célestine Atyame, Fabien Aubry, Frank W. Avila, Diego Ayala, Rasha S. Azrag, Lilit Babayan, Allon Bear, Norbert Becker, Anna G. Bega, Sophia Bejarano, Ira Ben-Avi, Joshua B. Benoit, Saïd C. Boubidi, William E. Bradshaw, Daniel Bravo-Barriga, Rubén Bueno-Marí, Nataša Bušić, Viktoria Čabanová, Brittany Cabeje, Beniamino Caputo, Maria V. Cardo, Simon Carpenter, Elena Carreton, Mouhamadou S. Chouaïbou, Michelle Christian, Maureen Coetzee, William R. Conner, Anton Cornel, C. Lorna Culverwell, Aleksandra I. Cupina, Katrien De Wolf, Isra Deblauwe, Brittany Deegan, Sarah Delacour-Estrella, Alessandra della Torre, Debora Diaz, Serena E. Dool, Vitor L dos Anjos, Sisay Dugassa, Babak Ebrahimi, Samar Y.M. Eisa, Nohal Elissa, Sahar A.B. Fallatah, Ary Faraji, Marina V. Fedorova, Emily Ferrill, Dina M. Fonseca, Kimberly A. Foss, Cipriano Foxi, Caio M. França, Stephen R. Fricker, Megan L. Fritz, Eva Frontera, Hans-Peter Fuehrer, Kyoko Futami, Enas H.S. Ghallab, Romain Girod, Mikhail I. Gordeev, David Greer, Martin Gschwind, Milehna M. Guarido, Teoh Guat Ney, Filiz Gunay, Eran Haklay, Alwia A.E. Hamad, Jun Hang, Christopher M. Hardy, Jacob W. Hartle, Jenny C. Hesson, Yukiko Higa, Christina M. Holzapfel, Ann-Christin Honnen, Angela M. Ionica, Laura Jones, Përparim Kadriaj, Hany A. Kamal, Colince Kamdem, Dmitry A. Karagodin, Shinji Kasai, Mihaela Kavran, Emad I.M. Khater, Frederik Kiene, Heung-Chul Kim, Ilias Kioulos, Annette Klein, Marko Klemenčić, Ana Klobučar, Erin Knutson, Constantianus J.M. Koenraadt, Linda Kothera, Pauline Kreienbühl, Pierrick Labbé, Itay Lachmi, Louis Lambrechts, Nediljko Landeka, Christopher H. Lee, Bryan D. Lessard, Ignacio Leycegui, Jan O. Lundström, Yoav Lustigman, Caitlin MacIntyre, Andrew J. Mackay, Krisztian Magori, Carla Maia, Colin A. Malcolm, Ralph-Joncyn O. Marquez, Dino Martins, Reem A. Masri, Gillian McDivitt, Rebekah J. McMinn, Johana Medina, Karen S. Mellor, Jason Mendoza, Enrih Merdić, Stacey Mesler, Camille Mestre, Homer Miranda, Martina Miterpáková, Fabrizio Montarsi, Anton V. Moskaev, Tong Mu, Tim W.R. Möhlmann, Alice Namias, Ivy Ng’iru, Marc F. Ngangué, Maria T. Novo, Laor Orshan, José A. Oteo, Yasushi Otsuka, Rossella Panarese, Claudia Paredes-Esquivel, Lusine Paronyan, Steven T. Peper, Dušan V. Petrić, Kervin Pilapil, Cristina Pou-Barreto, Sebastien J. Puechmaille, Ute Radespiel, Nil Rahola, Vivek K Raman, Hamadouche Redouane, Michael H. Reiskind, Nadja M. Reissen, Benjamin L. Rice, Vincent Robert, Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo, Ryan Salamat, Amy Salamone, M’hammed Sarih, Giuseppe Satta, Kyoko Sawabe, Francis Schaffner, Karen E. Schultz, Elena V. Shaikevich, Igor V. Sharakhov, Maria V. Sharakhova, Nader Shatara, Anuarbek K. Sibataev, Mathieu Sicard, Evan Smith, Ryan C. Smith, Nathalie Smitz, Nicolas Soriano, Christos G. Spanoudis, Christopher M. Stone, Liora Studentsky, Tatiana Sulesco, Luciano M. Tantely, La K. Thao, Noor Tietze, Ryan E. Tokarz, Kun-Hsien Tsai, Yoshio Tsuda, Nataša Turić, Melissa R. Uhran, Isik Unlu, Wim Van Bortel, Haykuhi Vardanyan, Laura Vavassori, Enkelejda Velo, Marietjie Venter, Goran Vignjević, Chantal B.F. Vogels, Tatsiana Volkava, John Vontas, Heather M. Ward, Nazni Wasi Ahmad, Mylène Weill, Jennifer D. West, Sarah S. Wheeler, Gregory S. White, Nadja C. Wipf, Tai-Ping Wu, Kai-Di Yu, Elke Zimmermann, Carina Zittra, Petra Korlević, Erica McAlister, Mara K.N. Lawniczak, Molly Schumer, Noah H. Rose, Carolyn S. McBride
bioRxiv 2025.01.26.634793; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.26.634793
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