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Bottom-up and top-down control of dispersal across major organismal groups: a coordinated distributed experiment

View ORCID ProfileEmanuel A. Fronhofer, Delphine Legrand, Florian Altermatt, Armelle Ansart, Simon Blanchet, Dries Bonte, Alexis Chaine, Maxime Dahirel, Frederik De Laender, Jonathan De Raedt, Lucie di Gesu, Staffan Jacob, Oliver Kaltz, Estelle Laurent, Chelsea J. Little, Luc Madec, Florent Manzi, Stefano Masier, Felix Pellerin, Frank Pennekamp, Nicolas Schtickzelle, Lieven Therry, Alexandre Vong, Laurane Winandy, Julien Cote
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/213256
Emanuel A. Fronhofer
1Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
2Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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  • ORCID record for Emanuel A. Fronhofer
Delphine Legrand
4Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier, UMR5321 Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (UMR5321), 2 route du CNRS, F-09200 Moulis, France.
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Florian Altermatt
1Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
2Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Armelle Ansart
3Université Rennes 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR6553 EcoBio, F-35042 Rennes cedex, France
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Simon Blanchet
4Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier, UMR5321 Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (UMR5321), 2 route du CNRS, F-09200 Moulis, France.
5Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex, France.
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Dries Bonte
6Ghent University, Dept. Biology, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Alexis Chaine
4Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier, UMR5321 Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (UMR5321), 2 route du CNRS, F-09200 Moulis, France.
7Institute for Advanced Studies in Toulouse, Toulouse School of Economics, 21 allée de Brienne, 31015 Toulouse, France
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Maxime Dahirel
3Université Rennes 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR6553 EcoBio, F-35042 Rennes cedex, France
6Ghent University, Dept. Biology, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Frederik De Laender
8University of Namur, Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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Jonathan De Raedt
8University of Namur, Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
9Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Applied Ecology, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Lucie di Gesu
5Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex, France.
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Staffan Jacob
10Univ. Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Inst., Biodiversity Research Centre, Croix du Sud 4 L7.07.04, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Oliver Kaltz
11Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, UMR5554, Université de Montpellier, CC065, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Estelle Laurent
10Univ. Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Inst., Biodiversity Research Centre, Croix du Sud 4 L7.07.04, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Chelsea J. Little
1Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
2Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Luc Madec
3Université Rennes 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR6553 EcoBio, F-35042 Rennes cedex, France
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Florent Manzi
11Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, UMR5554, Université de Montpellier, CC065, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Stefano Masier
6Ghent University, Dept. Biology, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Felix Pellerin
5Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex, France.
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Frank Pennekamp
2Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Nicolas Schtickzelle
10Univ. Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Inst., Biodiversity Research Centre, Croix du Sud 4 L7.07.04, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Lieven Therry
4Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier, UMR5321 Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (UMR5321), 2 route du CNRS, F-09200 Moulis, France.
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Alexandre Vong
4Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier, UMR5321 Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (UMR5321), 2 route du CNRS, F-09200 Moulis, France.
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Laurane Winandy
5Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex, France.
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Julien Cote
5Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex, France.
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Abstract

Organisms rarely experience a homogeneous environment. Rather, ecological and evolutionary dynamics unfold in spatially structured and fragmented landscapes, with dispersal as the central process linking these dynamics across spatial scales. Because dispersal is a multi-causal and highly plastic life-history trait, finding general drivers that are of importance across species is challenging but highly relevant for ecological forecasting.

We here tested whether two fundamental ecological forces and main determinants of local population dynamics, top-down and bottom-up control, generally explain dispersal in spatially structured communities. In a coordinated distributed experiment spanning a wide range of actively dispersing organisms, from protozoa to vertebrates, we show that bottom-up control, that is resource limitation, consistently increased dispersal. While top-down control, that is predation risk, was an equally important dispersal driver as bottom-up control, its effect depended on prey and predator space use and whether dispersal occurred on land, in water or in the air: species that routinely use more space than their predators showed increased dispersal in response to predation, specifically in aquatic environments. After establishing these general causes of dispersal, we used a metacommunity model to show that bottom-up and top-down control of dispersal has important consequences for local population fluctuations as well as cascading effects on regional metacommunity dynamics. Context-dependent dispersal reduced local population fluctuations and desynchronized dynamics between communities, two effects that increase population and community stability.

Our study provides unprecedented insights into the generality of the positive resource dependency of dispersal as well as a robust experimental test of current theory predicting that predator-induced dispersal is modulated by prey and predator space use. Our experimental and theoretical work highlights the critical importance of the multi-causal nature of dispersal as well as its cascading effects on regional community dynamics, which are specifically relevant to ecological forecasting.

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The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license.
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Posted November 02, 2017.
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Bottom-up and top-down control of dispersal across major organismal groups: a coordinated distributed experiment
Emanuel A. Fronhofer, Delphine Legrand, Florian Altermatt, Armelle Ansart, Simon Blanchet, Dries Bonte, Alexis Chaine, Maxime Dahirel, Frederik De Laender, Jonathan De Raedt, Lucie di Gesu, Staffan Jacob, Oliver Kaltz, Estelle Laurent, Chelsea J. Little, Luc Madec, Florent Manzi, Stefano Masier, Felix Pellerin, Frank Pennekamp, Nicolas Schtickzelle, Lieven Therry, Alexandre Vong, Laurane Winandy, Julien Cote
bioRxiv 213256; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/213256
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Bottom-up and top-down control of dispersal across major organismal groups: a coordinated distributed experiment
Emanuel A. Fronhofer, Delphine Legrand, Florian Altermatt, Armelle Ansart, Simon Blanchet, Dries Bonte, Alexis Chaine, Maxime Dahirel, Frederik De Laender, Jonathan De Raedt, Lucie di Gesu, Staffan Jacob, Oliver Kaltz, Estelle Laurent, Chelsea J. Little, Luc Madec, Florent Manzi, Stefano Masier, Felix Pellerin, Frank Pennekamp, Nicolas Schtickzelle, Lieven Therry, Alexandre Vong, Laurane Winandy, Julien Cote
bioRxiv 213256; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/213256

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