Abstract
To guide behavior, sensory systems detect the onset and offset of stimuli and process these distinct inputs via parallel pathways. In the retina, this strategy is implemented by splitting neural signals for light onset and offset via synapses connecting photoreceptors to ON and OFF bipolar cells, respectively. It remains poorly understood which molecular cues establish the architecture of this synaptic configuration to split light onset and offset signals. A mutant with reduced synapses between photoreceptors and one bipolar cell type, but not the other, could reveal a critical cue. From this approach, we report a novel synaptic role pregnancy associated plasma protein aa (pappaa) in promoting the structure and function of cone synapses that transmit light offset information. Electrophysiological and behavioral analyses indicated pappaa mutant zebrafish have dysfunctional cone to OFF bipolar cell synapses and impaired responses to light offset, but intact cone to ON bipolar cell synapses and light onset responses. Ultrastructural analyses of pappaa mutant cones showed a lack of presynaptic domains at synapses with OFF bipolar cells. pappaa is expressed postsynaptically to the cones during retinal synaptogenesis and encodes a secreted metalloprotease known to stimulate insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling. Induction of dominant negative IGF1 receptor expression during synaptogenesis reduced light offset responses. Conversely, stimulating IGF1 signaling at this time improved pappaa mutants’ light offset responses and cone presynaptic structures. Together, our results indicate Pappaa-regulated IGF1 signaling as a novel pathway that establishes how cone synapses convey light offset signals to guide behavior.
Significance Statement Distinct sensory inputs, like stimulus onset and offset, are often split at distinct synapses into parallel circuits for processing. In the retina, photoreceptors and ON and OFF bipolar cells form discrete synapses to split neural signals coding light onset and offset, respectively. The molecular cues that establish this synaptic configuration to specifically convey light onset or offset remain unclear. Our work reveals a novel cue: pregnancy associated plasma protein aa (pappaa), which regulates photoreceptor synaptic structure and function to specifically transmit light offset information. Pappaa is a metalloprotease that stimulates local insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling. IGF1 promotes various aspects of synaptic development and function and is broadly expressed; thus requiring local regulators, like Pappaa, to govern its specificity.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by grants to A.H.M. (NIH T32 GM007507), H.B.H. (University of Wisconsin Hilldale Undergraduate Research Award), M.I.B. (NIH R01 GM116916), B.D.P. (NIH R01 EY017037, the Doris and Jules Stein Professorship from Research to Prevent Blindness, and an NIH Core Center Grant P30 EY025585), and M.A.W (Greater Milwaukee Foundation Shaw Scientist Award 133-AAA2656). The authors would like to thank Dr. Michael Taylor for technical advice on the electroretinograms, Drew Roenneburg (University of Wisconsin Department of Surgery Histology Core) and Ben August (University of Wisconsin Electron Microscopy Core) for technical assistance, and Dr. Cunming Duan for the hsp70:dnIGF1Ra-EGFP fish line.
Footnotes
Conflict of interest: none
