New Results
Genome-wide association analyses of risk tolerance and risky behaviors in over 1 million individuals identify hundreds of loci and shared genetic influences1
Richard Karlsson Linnér, Pietro Biroli, Edward Kong, S Fleur W Meddens, Robbee Wedow, Mark Alan Fontana, Maël Lebreton, Abdel Abdellaoui, Anke R Hammerschlag, Michel G Nivard, Aysu Okbay, Cornelius A Rietveld, Pascal N Timshel, Stephen P Tino, Maciej Trzaskowski, Ronald de Vlaming, Christian L Zünd, Yanchun Bao, Laura Buzdugan, Ann H Caplin, Chia-Yen Chen, Peter Eibich, Pierre Fontanillas, Juan R Gonzalez, Peter K Joshi, Ville Karhunen, Aaron Kleinman, Remy Z Levin, Christina M Lill, Gerardus A Meddens, Gerard Muntané, Sandra Sanchez-Roige, Frank J van Rooij, Erdogan Taskesen, Yang Wu, Futao Zhang, 23andMe Research Team, eQTLgen Consortium, International Cannabis Consortium, Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Social Science Genetic Association Consortium,, Adam Auton, Jason D Boardman, David W Clark, Andrew Conlin, Conor C Dolan, Urs Fischbacher, Patrick JF Groenen, Kathleen Mullan Harris, Gregor Hasler, Albert Hofman, Mohammad A Ikram, Sonia Jain, View ORCID ProfileRobert Karlsson, Ronald C Kessler, Maarten Kooyman, James MacKillop, Minna Männikkö, Carlos Morcillo-Suarez, Matthew B McQueen, Klaus M Schmidt, Melissa C Smart, Matthias Sutter, A Roy Thurik, Andre G Uitterlinden, Jon White, Harriet de Wit, Jian Yang, Lars Bertram, Dorret Boomsma, Tõnu Esko, Ernst Fehr, David A Hinds, Magnus Johannesson, Meena Kumari, David Laibson, Patrik KE Magnusson, Michelle N Meyer, Arcadi Navarro, Abraham A Palmer, Tune H Pers, Danielle Posthuma, Daniel Schunk, Murray B Stein, Rauli Svento, Henning Tiemeier, Paul RHJ Timmers, Patrick Turley, Robert J Ursano, Gert G Wagner, James F Wilson, Jacob Gratten, James J Lee, David Cesarini, Daniel J Benjamin, View ORCID ProfilePhilipp D Koellinger, Jonathan P Beauchamp
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/261081
Richard Karlsson Linnér
1Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
2Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
3School of Business and Economics, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
Pietro Biroli
4Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Schönberggasse 1, Zurich, 8001, Switzerland
Edward Kong
5Economics, Harvard University, 1805 Cambridge St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
S Fleur W Meddens
1Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
2Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
3School of Business and Economics, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
Robbee Wedow
6Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, 1480 30th Street, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
7Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, 1440 15th Street, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
8Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 327, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Mark Alan Fontana
9Center for the Advancement of Value in Musculoskeletal Care, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
10Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
Maël Lebreton
11Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 11, Amsterdam, 1018 WB, The Netherlands
12Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, Amsterdam, 1001 NK, Netherlands
Abdel Abdellaoui
13Biological psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorstraat 1, Amsterdam, 1087 BT, The Netherlands
Anke R Hammerschlag
1Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
Michel G Nivard
13Biological psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorstraat 1, Amsterdam, 1087 BT, The Netherlands
Aysu Okbay
1Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
3School of Business and Economics, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
Cornelius A Rietveld
14Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
2Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
15Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
Pascal N Timshel
16Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
17Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark
Stephen P Tino
18Department of Economics, University of Toronto, 150 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G7, Canada
Maciej Trzaskowski
19Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
Ronald de Vlaming
1Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
2Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
3School of Business and Economics, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
Christian L Zünd
4Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Schönberggasse 1, Zurich, 8001, Switzerland
Yanchun Bao
20Institute for Social & Economic Research, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
Laura Buzdugan
21Seminar for Statistics, Department of Mathematics, ETH Zurich, Raemistrasse 101, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
22Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Bluemlisalpstrasse 10, Zurich, 8006, Switzerland
Ann H Caplin
23Stuyvesant High School, New York, NY 10282, USA
Chia-Yen Chen
24Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
25Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Richard B. Simches Research building, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN-6818, Boston, MA 02114, USA
26Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genomics, The Broad Institute at Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
Peter Eibich
27Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
28Socio-Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Mohrenstr. 58, Berlin, 10117, Germany
29Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 1, Rostock, 18057, Germany
Pierre Fontanillas
30Research, 23andMe, Inc., 899 W Evelyn Ave, Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
Juan R Gonzalez
31Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, 8003, Spain
32Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, 8003, Spain
33CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, 280229, Spain
Peter K Joshi
34Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
Ville Karhunen
35Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5, Oulu, 90220, Finland
Aaron Kleinman
30Research, 23andMe, Inc., 899 W Evelyn Ave, Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
Remy Z Levin
36Department of Economics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
Christina M Lill
37Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Maria-Goeppert-Str. 1, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
38Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck, 23538, Germany
Gerardus A Meddens
39Team Loyalty BV, Debbemeerstraat 25, Hoofddorp, 2131 HE, The Netherlands
Gerard Muntané
40Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona, 8003, Spain
Sandra Sanchez-Roige
41Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
Frank J van Rooij
15Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
Erdogan Taskesen
1Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
Yang Wu
19Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
Futao Zhang
19Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
Adam Auton
30Research, 23andMe, Inc., 899 W Evelyn Ave, Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
Jason D Boardman
8Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 327, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
7Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, 1440 15th Street, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
David W Clark
34Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
Andrew Conlin
42Department of Economics and Finance, Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland
Conor C Dolan
13Biological psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorstraat 1, Amsterdam, 1087 BT, The Netherlands
Urs Fischbacher
43Department of Economics, University of Konstanz, Universitätssstraße 10, Konstanz, 78457, Germany
44Thurgau Institute of Economics, Hauptstrasse 90, Kreuzlingen, 8280, Switzerland
Patrick JF Groenen
45Department of Econometrics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
2Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Kathleen Mullan Harris
46Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 201 Hamilton Hall CB #3210, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
47Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 123 West Franklin St., Suite 2190, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
Gregor Hasler
48Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, Bern, 3000, Switzerland
Albert Hofman
15Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
49Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Mohammad A Ikram
15Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
Sonia Jain
50Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
Robert Karlsson
51Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12a, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
Ronald C Kessler
52Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
Maarten Kooyman
53SURFsara, Science Park 140, Amsterdam, 1098 XG, The Netherlands
James MacKillop
54Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, Ontario, L8P 3R2, Canada
55Homewood Research Institute, 150 Delhi Street, Riverslea Building, Guelph, Ontario, N1E 6K9, Canada
Minna Männikkö
35Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5, Oulu, 90220, Finland
Carlos Morcillo-Suarez
40Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona, 8003, Spain
Matthew B McQueen
56Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Klaus M Schmidt
57Department of Economics, University of Munich, Ludwigstrasse 28, Munich, 80539, Germany
Melissa C Smart
20Institute for Social & Economic Research, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
Matthias Sutter
58Department of Economics, University of Cologne, Albert-Magnus-Platz, Cologne, 50923, Germany
59Experimental Economics Group, Max Planck Institute for Research into Collective Goods, Schumacher Strasse 10, Bonn, D-51113, Germany
A Roy Thurik
14Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
2Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
60Montpellier Business School, Montpellier, 34080, France
Andre G Uitterlinden
61Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
Jon White
62UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
Harriet de Wit
63Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC 3077, Rm L485, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Jian Yang
19Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
64Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
Lars Bertram
37Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Maria-Goeppert-Str. 1, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
65Institute of Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Maria-Goeppert-Str. 1, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
66School of Public Health, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
Dorret Boomsma
13Biological psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorstraat 1, Amsterdam, 1087 BT, The Netherlands
Tõnu Esko
67Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
Ernst Fehr
22Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Bluemlisalpstrasse 10, Zurich, 8006, Switzerland
David A Hinds
30Research, 23andMe, Inc., 899 W Evelyn Ave, Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
Magnus Johannesson
68Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Box 6501, Stockholm, 113 83, Sweden
Meena Kumari
20Institute for Social & Economic Research, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
David Laibson
5Economics, Harvard University, 1805 Cambridge St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Patrik KE Magnusson
51Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12a, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
Michelle N Meyer
69Center for Translational Bioethics and Health Care Policy, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822, USA
Arcadi Navarro
40Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona, 8003, Spain
70Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Parc de Recerca Bomèdica. Carrer Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona, 8003, Spain
Abraham A Palmer
41Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
Tune H Pers
16Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
17Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark
Danielle Posthuma
1Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
71Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
Daniel Schunk
72Department of Economics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Jakob-Welder-Weg 4, Mainz, 55128, Germany
Murray B Stein
41Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
50Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
Rauli Svento
42Department of Economics and Finance, Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland
Henning Tiemeier
15Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
Paul RHJ Timmers
34Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
Patrick Turley
25Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Richard B. Simches Research building, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN-6818, Boston, MA 02114, USA
26Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genomics, The Broad Institute at Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
73Behavioral and Health Genomics Center, University of Southern California, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
Robert J Ursano
74Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University Health Science, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
Gert G Wagner
75Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin, 14195, Germany
28Socio-Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Mohrenstr. 58, Berlin, 10117, Germany
James F Wilson
34Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
76MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland
Jacob Gratten
19Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
James J Lee
77Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 75 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
David Cesarini
78Department of Economics, New York University, 19 W 4th St, 6 FL, NY 10012, USA
Daniel J Benjamin
9Center for the Advancement of Value in Musculoskeletal Care, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
73Behavioral and Health Genomics Center, University of Southern California, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
79National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Philipp D Koellinger
1Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
3School of Business and Economics, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
80German Institute for Economic Research, DIW Berlin, Mohrenstr. 58, Berlin, 10117, Germany
Jonathan P Beauchamp
18Department of Economics, University of Toronto, 150 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G7, Canada
Abstract
Humans vary substantially in their willingness to take risks. In a combined sample of over one million individuals, we conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of general risk tolerance, adventurousness, and risky behaviors in the driving, drinking, smoking, and sexual domains. We identified 611 approximately independent genetic loci associated with at least one of our phenotypes, including 124 with general risk tolerance. We report evidence of substantial shared genetic influences across general risk tolerance and risky behaviors: 72 of the 124 general risk tolerance loci contain a lead SNP for at least one of our other GWAS, and general risk tolerance is moderately to strongly genetically correlated (
to 0.50) with a range of risky behaviors. Bioinformatics analyses imply that genes near general-risk-tolerance-associated SNPs are highly expressed in brain tissues and point to a role for glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. We find no evidence of enrichment for genes previously hypothesized to relate to risk tolerance.
Copyright
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Posted January 08, 2019.
Genome-wide association analyses of risk tolerance and risky behaviors in over 1 million individuals identify hundreds of loci and shared genetic influences1
Richard Karlsson Linnér, Pietro Biroli, Edward Kong, S Fleur W Meddens, Robbee Wedow, Mark Alan Fontana, Maël Lebreton, Abdel Abdellaoui, Anke R Hammerschlag, Michel G Nivard, Aysu Okbay, Cornelius A Rietveld, Pascal N Timshel, Stephen P Tino, Maciej Trzaskowski, Ronald de Vlaming, Christian L Zünd, Yanchun Bao, Laura Buzdugan, Ann H Caplin, Chia-Yen Chen, Peter Eibich, Pierre Fontanillas, Juan R Gonzalez, Peter K Joshi, Ville Karhunen, Aaron Kleinman, Remy Z Levin, Christina M Lill, Gerardus A Meddens, Gerard Muntané, Sandra Sanchez-Roige, Frank J van Rooij, Erdogan Taskesen, Yang Wu, Futao Zhang, 23andMe Research Team, eQTLgen Consortium, International Cannabis Consortium, Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Social Science Genetic Association Consortium,, Adam Auton, Jason D Boardman, David W Clark, Andrew Conlin, Conor C Dolan, Urs Fischbacher, Patrick JF Groenen, Kathleen Mullan Harris, Gregor Hasler, Albert Hofman, Mohammad A Ikram, Sonia Jain, Robert Karlsson, Ronald C Kessler, Maarten Kooyman, James MacKillop, Minna Männikkö, Carlos Morcillo-Suarez, Matthew B McQueen, Klaus M Schmidt, Melissa C Smart, Matthias Sutter, A Roy Thurik, Andre G Uitterlinden, Jon White, Harriet de Wit, Jian Yang, Lars Bertram, Dorret Boomsma, Tõnu Esko, Ernst Fehr, David A Hinds, Magnus Johannesson, Meena Kumari, David Laibson, Patrik KE Magnusson, Michelle N Meyer, Arcadi Navarro, Abraham A Palmer, Tune H Pers, Danielle Posthuma, Daniel Schunk, Murray B Stein, Rauli Svento, Henning Tiemeier, Paul RHJ Timmers, Patrick Turley, Robert J Ursano, Gert G Wagner, James F Wilson, Jacob Gratten, James J Lee, David Cesarini, Daniel J Benjamin, Philipp D Koellinger, Jonathan P Beauchamp
bioRxiv 261081; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/261081
Genome-wide association analyses of risk tolerance and risky behaviors in over 1 million individuals identify hundreds of loci and shared genetic influences1
Richard Karlsson Linnér, Pietro Biroli, Edward Kong, S Fleur W Meddens, Robbee Wedow, Mark Alan Fontana, Maël Lebreton, Abdel Abdellaoui, Anke R Hammerschlag, Michel G Nivard, Aysu Okbay, Cornelius A Rietveld, Pascal N Timshel, Stephen P Tino, Maciej Trzaskowski, Ronald de Vlaming, Christian L Zünd, Yanchun Bao, Laura Buzdugan, Ann H Caplin, Chia-Yen Chen, Peter Eibich, Pierre Fontanillas, Juan R Gonzalez, Peter K Joshi, Ville Karhunen, Aaron Kleinman, Remy Z Levin, Christina M Lill, Gerardus A Meddens, Gerard Muntané, Sandra Sanchez-Roige, Frank J van Rooij, Erdogan Taskesen, Yang Wu, Futao Zhang, 23andMe Research Team, eQTLgen Consortium, International Cannabis Consortium, Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Social Science Genetic Association Consortium,, Adam Auton, Jason D Boardman, David W Clark, Andrew Conlin, Conor C Dolan, Urs Fischbacher, Patrick JF Groenen, Kathleen Mullan Harris, Gregor Hasler, Albert Hofman, Mohammad A Ikram, Sonia Jain, Robert Karlsson, Ronald C Kessler, Maarten Kooyman, James MacKillop, Minna Männikkö, Carlos Morcillo-Suarez, Matthew B McQueen, Klaus M Schmidt, Melissa C Smart, Matthias Sutter, A Roy Thurik, Andre G Uitterlinden, Jon White, Harriet de Wit, Jian Yang, Lars Bertram, Dorret Boomsma, Tõnu Esko, Ernst Fehr, David A Hinds, Magnus Johannesson, Meena Kumari, David Laibson, Patrik KE Magnusson, Michelle N Meyer, Arcadi Navarro, Abraham A Palmer, Tune H Pers, Danielle Posthuma, Daniel Schunk, Murray B Stein, Rauli Svento, Henning Tiemeier, Paul RHJ Timmers, Patrick Turley, Robert J Ursano, Gert G Wagner, James F Wilson, Jacob Gratten, James J Lee, David Cesarini, Daniel J Benjamin, Philipp D Koellinger, Jonathan P Beauchamp
bioRxiv 261081; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/261081
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