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Genetics of brain age suggest an overlap with common brain disorders
View ORCID ProfileTobias Kaufmann, Dennis van der Meer, Nhat Trung Doan, Emanuel Schwarz, Martina J. Lund, Ingrid Agartz, Dag Alnæs, Deanna M. Barch, Ramona Baur-Streubel, Alessandro Bertolino, Francesco Bettella, Mona K. Beyer, Erlend Bøen, Stefan Borgwardt, Christine L. Brandt, Jan Buitelaar, Elisabeth G. Celius, Simon Cervenka, Annette Conzelmann, Aldo Córdova-Palomera, Anders M. Dale, Dominique J.-F de Quervain, Pasquale Di Carlo, Srdjan Djurovic, Erlend S. Dørum, Sarah Eisenacher, Torbjørn Elvsåshagen, Thomas Espeseth, Helena Fatouros-Bergman, Lena Flyckt, Barbara Franke, Oleksandr Frei, Beathe Haatveit, Asta K. Håberg, Hanne F. Harbo, Catharina A. Hartman, Dirk Heslenfeld, Pieter J. Hoekstra, Einar A. Høgestøl, Terry Jernigan, Rune Jonassen, Erik G. Jönsson, Karolinska Schizophrenia Project (KaSP), Peter Kirsch, Iwona Kłoszewska, Knut-Kristian Kolskår, Nils Inge Landrø, Stephanie Le Hellard, Klaus-Peter Lesch, Simon Lovestone, Arvid Lundervold, Astri J. Lundervold, Luigi A. Maglanoc, Ulrik F. Malt, Patrizia Mecocci, Ingrid Melle, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Torgeir Moberget, Linn B. Norbom, Jan Egil Nordvik, Lars Nyberg, Jaap Oosterlaan, Marco Papalino, Andreas Papassotiropoulos, Paul Pauli, Giulio Pergola, Karin Persson, Geneviève Richard, Jaroslav Rokicki, Anne-Marthe Sanders, Geir Selbæk, Alexey A. Shadrin, Olav B. Smeland, Hilkka Soininen, Piotr Sowa, Vidar M. Steen, Magda Tsolaki, Kristine M. Ulrichsen, Bruno Vellas, Lei Wang, Eric Westman, Georg C. Ziegler, Mathias Zink, Ole A. Andreassen, Lars T. Westlye, for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, for the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics Study, for the AddNeuroMed consortium
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/303164
Tobias Kaufmann
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Dennis van der Meer
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Nhat Trung Doan
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Emanuel Schwarz
2Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Martina J. Lund
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Ingrid Agartz
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
3Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
4Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
Dag Alnæs
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Deanna M. Barch
5Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
6Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
7Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
Ramona Baur-Streubel
8Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Alessandro Bertolino
9Institute of Psychiatry, Bari University Hospital, Bari, Italy
10Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
Francesco Bettella
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Mona K. Beyer
11Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
12Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Section of Neuroradiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Erlend Bøen
3Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Stefan Borgwardt
13Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
14Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
Christine L. Brandt
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Jan Buitelaar
15Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
16Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Elisabeth G. Celius
17Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
18Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Simon Cervenka
4Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
Annette Conzelmann
19Children and Adolescence Psychiatry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Aldo Córdova-Palomera
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
20Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
Anders M. Dale
21Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Dominique J.-F de Quervain
22Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
23Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Pasquale Di Carlo
10Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
Srdjan Djurovic
24Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
25NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Erlend S. Dørum
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
26Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
27Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
Sarah Eisenacher
2Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
11Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
18Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Thomas Espeseth
26Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Helena Fatouros-Bergman
4Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
Lena Flyckt
4Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
Barbara Franke
28Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Oleksandr Frei
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Beathe Haatveit
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
26Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Asta K. Håberg
29Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
30Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
Hanne F. Harbo
18Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
11Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Catharina A. Hartman
31Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Dirk Heslenfeld
32Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
33Department of Cognitive Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Pieter J. Hoekstra
34Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Einar A. Høgestøl
11Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
18Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Terry Jernigan
35Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, USA
36Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, USA
37Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, USA
Rune Jonassen
26Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Erik G. Jönsson
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
4Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
38Members of Karolinska Schizophrenia Project (KaSP) are listed before References
Peter Kirsch
39Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
40Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
Iwona Kłoszewska
41Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
Knut-Kristian Kolskår
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
26Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
27Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
Nils Inge Landrø
26Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
3Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Stephanie Le Hellard
25NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Klaus-Peter Lesch
42Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
43Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
44Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Simon Lovestone
45Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Arvid Lundervold
46Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
47Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Astri J. Lundervold
48Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
49K. G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Norway
Luigi A. Maglanoc
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
26Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Ulrik F. Malt
11Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
50Department of Research and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Patrizia Mecocci
51Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
Ingrid Melle
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
2Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Torgeir Moberget
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Linn B. Norbom
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
26Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Jan Egil Nordvik
27Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
Lars Nyberg
52Department of Radiation Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
Jaap Oosterlaan
32Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
53Emma Children’s Hospital Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
54VU University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Marco Papalino
10Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
Andreas Papassotiropoulos
55Division of Molecular Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
23Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
56Life Sciences Training Facility, Department Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Paul Pauli
8Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Giulio Pergola
10Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
Karin Persson
57Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
58Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
Geneviève Richard
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
26Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
27Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
Jaroslav Rokicki
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
26Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Anne-Marthe Sanders
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
26Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
27Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
Geir Selbæk
58Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
59Centre for Old Age Psychiatric Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway
17Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Alexey A. Shadrin
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Olav B. Smeland
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Hilkka Soininen
60Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
61Neurocenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
Piotr Sowa
12Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Section of Neuroradiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Vidar M. Steen
25NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
62Dr. E. Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
Magda Tsolaki
631st Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Makedonia, Greece.
Kristine M. Ulrichsen
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
26Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
27Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
Bruno Vellas
64INSERM U 1027, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Lei Wang
65Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Eric Westman
66Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
14Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
Georg C. Ziegler
42Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Mathias Zink
2Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
67District hospital Ansbach, Germany
Ole A. Andreassen
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Lars T. Westlye
1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
26Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
68Data used in preparation of this article were obtained from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database (adni.loni.usc.edu). As such, the investigators within the ADNI contributed to the design and implementation of ADNI and/or provided data but did not participate in analysis or writing of this report. A complete listing of ADNI investigators can be found at: .
69Data used in preparation of this article were obtained from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics Study (PING) database (). As such, the investigators within PING contributed to the design and implementation of PING and/or provided data but did not participate in analysis or writing of this report. A complete listing of PING investigators can be found at
70AddNeuroMed consortium was led by Simon Lovestone, Bruno Vellas, Patrizia Mecocci, Magda Tsolaki, Iwona Kłoszewska, Hilkka Soininen
Abstract
Numerous genetic and environmental factors contribute to psychiatric disorders and other brain disorders. Common risk factors likely converge on biological pathways regulating the optimization of brain structure and function across the lifespan. Here, using structural magnetic resonance imaging and machine learning, we estimated the gap between brain age and chronological age in 36,891 individuals aged 3 to 96 years, including individuals with different brain disorders. We show that several disorders are associated with accentuated brain aging, with strongest effects in schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis and dementia, and document differential regional patterns of brain age gaps between disorders. In 16,269 healthy adult individuals, we show that brain age gap is heritable with a polygenic architecture overlapping those observed in common brain disorders. Our results identify brain age gap as a genetically modulated trait that offers a window into shared and distinct mechanisms in different brain disorders.
Copyright
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
Posted April 17, 2018.
Genetics of brain age suggest an overlap with common brain disorders
Tobias Kaufmann, Dennis van der Meer, Nhat Trung Doan, Emanuel Schwarz, Martina J. Lund, Ingrid Agartz, Dag Alnæs, Deanna M. Barch, Ramona Baur-Streubel, Alessandro Bertolino, Francesco Bettella, Mona K. Beyer, Erlend Bøen, Stefan Borgwardt, Christine L. Brandt, Jan Buitelaar, Elisabeth G. Celius, Simon Cervenka, Annette Conzelmann, Aldo Córdova-Palomera, Anders M. Dale, Dominique J.-F de Quervain, Pasquale Di Carlo, Srdjan Djurovic, Erlend S. Dørum, Sarah Eisenacher, Torbjørn Elvsåshagen, Thomas Espeseth, Helena Fatouros-Bergman, Lena Flyckt, Barbara Franke, Oleksandr Frei, Beathe Haatveit, Asta K. Håberg, Hanne F. Harbo, Catharina A. Hartman, Dirk Heslenfeld, Pieter J. Hoekstra, Einar A. Høgestøl, Terry Jernigan, Rune Jonassen, Erik G. Jönsson, Karolinska Schizophrenia Project (KaSP), Peter Kirsch, Iwona Kłoszewska, Knut-Kristian Kolskår, Nils Inge Landrø, Stephanie Le Hellard, Klaus-Peter Lesch, Simon Lovestone, Arvid Lundervold, Astri J. Lundervold, Luigi A. Maglanoc, Ulrik F. Malt, Patrizia Mecocci, Ingrid Melle, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Torgeir Moberget, Linn B. Norbom, Jan Egil Nordvik, Lars Nyberg, Jaap Oosterlaan, Marco Papalino, Andreas Papassotiropoulos, Paul Pauli, Giulio Pergola, Karin Persson, Geneviève Richard, Jaroslav Rokicki, Anne-Marthe Sanders, Geir Selbæk, Alexey A. Shadrin, Olav B. Smeland, Hilkka Soininen, Piotr Sowa, Vidar M. Steen, Magda Tsolaki, Kristine M. Ulrichsen, Bruno Vellas, Lei Wang, Eric Westman, Georg C. Ziegler, Mathias Zink, Ole A. Andreassen, Lars T. Westlye, for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, for the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics Study, for the AddNeuroMed consortium
bioRxiv 303164; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/303164
Genetics of brain age suggest an overlap with common brain disorders
Tobias Kaufmann, Dennis van der Meer, Nhat Trung Doan, Emanuel Schwarz, Martina J. Lund, Ingrid Agartz, Dag Alnæs, Deanna M. Barch, Ramona Baur-Streubel, Alessandro Bertolino, Francesco Bettella, Mona K. Beyer, Erlend Bøen, Stefan Borgwardt, Christine L. Brandt, Jan Buitelaar, Elisabeth G. Celius, Simon Cervenka, Annette Conzelmann, Aldo Córdova-Palomera, Anders M. Dale, Dominique J.-F de Quervain, Pasquale Di Carlo, Srdjan Djurovic, Erlend S. Dørum, Sarah Eisenacher, Torbjørn Elvsåshagen, Thomas Espeseth, Helena Fatouros-Bergman, Lena Flyckt, Barbara Franke, Oleksandr Frei, Beathe Haatveit, Asta K. Håberg, Hanne F. Harbo, Catharina A. Hartman, Dirk Heslenfeld, Pieter J. Hoekstra, Einar A. Høgestøl, Terry Jernigan, Rune Jonassen, Erik G. Jönsson, Karolinska Schizophrenia Project (KaSP), Peter Kirsch, Iwona Kłoszewska, Knut-Kristian Kolskår, Nils Inge Landrø, Stephanie Le Hellard, Klaus-Peter Lesch, Simon Lovestone, Arvid Lundervold, Astri J. Lundervold, Luigi A. Maglanoc, Ulrik F. Malt, Patrizia Mecocci, Ingrid Melle, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Torgeir Moberget, Linn B. Norbom, Jan Egil Nordvik, Lars Nyberg, Jaap Oosterlaan, Marco Papalino, Andreas Papassotiropoulos, Paul Pauli, Giulio Pergola, Karin Persson, Geneviève Richard, Jaroslav Rokicki, Anne-Marthe Sanders, Geir Selbæk, Alexey A. Shadrin, Olav B. Smeland, Hilkka Soininen, Piotr Sowa, Vidar M. Steen, Magda Tsolaki, Kristine M. Ulrichsen, Bruno Vellas, Lei Wang, Eric Westman, Georg C. Ziegler, Mathias Zink, Ole A. Andreassen, Lars T. Westlye, for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, for the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics Study, for the AddNeuroMed consortium
bioRxiv 303164; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/303164
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