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Genetics of brain age suggest an overlap with common brain disorders
View ORCID ProfileTobias Kaufmann, Dennis van der Meer, Nhat Trung Doan, Emanuel Schwarz, Martina J. Lund, Ingrid Agartz, Dag Alnæs, Deanna M. Barch, Ramona Baur-Streubel, Alessandro Bertolino, Francesco Bettella, Mona K. Beyer, Erlend Bøen, Stefan Borgwardt, Christine L. Brandt, Jan Buitelaar, Elisabeth G. Celius, Simon Cervenka, Annette Conzelmann, Aldo Córdova-Palomera, Anders M. Dale, Dominique J.-F de Quervain, Pasquale Di Carlo, Srdjan Djurovic, Erlend S. Dørum, Sarah Eisenacher, Torbjørn Elvsåshagen, Thomas Espeseth, Helena Fatouros-Bergman, Lena Flyckt, Barbara Franke, Oleksandr Frei, Beathe Haatveit, Asta K. Håberg, Hanne F. Harbo, Catharina A. Hartman, Dirk Heslenfeld, Pieter J. Hoekstra, Einar A. Høgestøl, Terry Jernigan, Rune Jonassen, Erik G. Jönsson, Karolinska Schizophrenia Project (KaSP), Peter Kirsch, Iwona Kłoszewska, Knut-Kristian Kolskår, Nils Inge Landrø, Stephanie Le Hellard, Klaus-Peter Lesch, Simon Lovestone, Arvid Lundervold, Astri J. Lundervold, Luigi A. Maglanoc, Ulrik F. Malt, Patrizia Mecocci, Ingrid Melle, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Torgeir Moberget, Linn B. Norbom, Jan Egil Nordvik, Lars Nyberg, Jaap Oosterlaan, Marco Papalino, Andreas Papassotiropoulos, Paul Pauli, Giulio Pergola, Karin Persson, Geneviève Richard, Jaroslav Rokicki, Anne-Marthe Sanders, Geir Selbæk, Alexey A. Shadrin, Olav B. Smeland, Hilkka Soininen, Piotr Sowa, Vidar M. Steen, Magda Tsolaki, Kristine M. Ulrichsen, Bruno Vellas, Lei Wang, Eric Westman, Georg C. Ziegler, Mathias Zink, Ole A. Andreassen, Lars T. Westlye, for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, for the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics Study, for the AddNeuroMed consortium
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/303164
Tobias Kaufmann
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Dennis van der Meer
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Nhat Trung Doan
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Emanuel Schwarz
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Martina J. Lund
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Ingrid Agartz
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
Dag Alnæs
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Deanna M. Barch
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USADepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USADepartment of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
Ramona Baur-Streubel
Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Alessandro Bertolino
Institute of Psychiatry, Bari University Hospital, Bari, ItalyDepartment of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
Francesco Bettella
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Mona K. Beyer
Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Section of Neuroradiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Erlend Bøen
Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Stefan Borgwardt
Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandInstitute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
Christine L. Brandt
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Jan Buitelaar
Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsKarakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Elisabeth G. Celius
Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Simon Cervenka
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
Annette Conzelmann
Children and Adolescence Psychiatry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Aldo Córdova-Palomera
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
Anders M. Dale
Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Dominique J.-F de Quervain
Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandTransfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Pasquale Di Carlo
Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
Srdjan Djurovic
Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayNORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Erlend S. Dørum
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwaySunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
Sarah Eisenacher
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Thomas Espeseth
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Helena Fatouros-Bergman
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
Lena Flyckt
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
Barbara Franke
Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Oleksandr Frei
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Beathe Haatveit
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Asta K. Håberg
Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NorwayDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
Hanne F. Harbo
Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Catharina A. Hartman
Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Dirk Heslenfeld
Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Cognitive Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Pieter J. Hoekstra
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Einar A. Høgestøl
Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Terry Jernigan
Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, USADepartment of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, USADepartments of Psychiatry and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, USA
Rune Jonassen
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Erik G. Jönsson
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
Members of Karolinska Schizophrenia Project (KaSP) are listed before References
Peter Kirsch
Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, GermanyBernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
Iwona Kłoszewska
Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
Knut-Kristian Kolskår
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwaySunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
Nils Inge Landrø
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Stephanie Le Hellard
NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Klaus-Peter Lesch
Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyLaboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Simon Lovestone
Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Arvid Lundervold
Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, NorwayMohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Astri J. Lundervold
Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, NorwayK. G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Norway
Luigi A. Maglanoc
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Ulrik F. Malt
Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Research and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Patrizia Mecocci
Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
Ingrid Melle
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Torgeir Moberget
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Linn B. Norbom
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Jan Egil Nordvik
Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
Lars Nyberg
Department of Radiation Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
Jaap Oosterlaan
Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEmma Children’s Hospital Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsVU University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Marco Papalino
Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
Andreas Papassotiropoulos
Division of Molecular Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandTransfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandLife Sciences Training Facility, Department Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Paul Pauli
Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Giulio Pergola
Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
Karin Persson
Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayNorwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
Geneviève Richard
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwaySunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
Jaroslav Rokicki
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Anne-Marthe Sanders
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwaySunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
Geir Selbæk
Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, NorwayCentre for Old Age Psychiatric Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, NorwayInstitute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Alexey A. Shadrin
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Olav B. Smeland
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Hilkka Soininen
Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FinlandNeurocenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
Piotr Sowa
Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Section of Neuroradiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Vidar M. Steen
NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayDr. E. Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
Magda Tsolaki
1st Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Makedonia, Greece.
Kristine M. Ulrichsen
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwaySunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
Bruno Vellas
INSERM U 1027, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Lei Wang
Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Eric Westman
Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SwedenInstitute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
Georg C. Ziegler
Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Mathias Zink
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, GermanyDistrict hospital Ansbach, Germany
Ole A. Andreassen
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Lars T. Westlye
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Data used in preparation of this article were obtained from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database (adni.loni.usc.edu). As such, the investigators within the ADNI contributed to the design and implementation of ADNI and/or provided data but did not participate in analysis or writing of this report. A complete listing of ADNI investigators can be found at: http://adni.loni.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/how_to_apply/ADNI_Acknowledgement_List.pdf.
Data used in preparation of this article were obtained from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics Study (PING) database (http://ping.chd.ucsd.edu). As such, the investigators within PING contributed to the design and implementation of PING and/or provided data but did not participate in analysis or writing of this report. A complete listing of PING investigators can be found at https://ping-dataportal.ucsd.edu/sharing/Authors10222012.pdf
AddNeuroMed consortium was led by Simon Lovestone, Bruno Vellas, Patrizia Mecocci, Magda Tsolaki, Iwona Kłoszewska, Hilkka Soininen
Abstract
Numerous genetic and environmental factors contribute to psychiatric disorders and other brain disorders. Common risk factors likely converge on biological pathways regulating the optimization of brain structure and function across the lifespan. Here, using structural magnetic resonance imaging and machine learning, we estimated the gap between brain age and chronological age in 36,891 individuals aged 3 to 96 years, including individuals with different brain disorders. We show that several disorders are associated with accentuated brain aging, with strongest effects in schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis and dementia, and document differential regional patterns of brain age gaps between disorders. In 16,269 healthy adult individuals, we show that brain age gap is heritable with a polygenic architecture overlapping those observed in common brain disorders. Our results identify brain age gap as a genetically modulated trait that offers a window into shared and distinct mechanisms in different brain disorders.
Copyright
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
Posted April 17, 2018.
Genetics of brain age suggest an overlap with common brain disorders
Tobias Kaufmann, Dennis van der Meer, Nhat Trung Doan, Emanuel Schwarz, Martina J. Lund, Ingrid Agartz, Dag Alnæs, Deanna M. Barch, Ramona Baur-Streubel, Alessandro Bertolino, Francesco Bettella, Mona K. Beyer, Erlend Bøen, Stefan Borgwardt, Christine L. Brandt, Jan Buitelaar, Elisabeth G. Celius, Simon Cervenka, Annette Conzelmann, Aldo Córdova-Palomera, Anders M. Dale, Dominique J.-F de Quervain, Pasquale Di Carlo, Srdjan Djurovic, Erlend S. Dørum, Sarah Eisenacher, Torbjørn Elvsåshagen, Thomas Espeseth, Helena Fatouros-Bergman, Lena Flyckt, Barbara Franke, Oleksandr Frei, Beathe Haatveit, Asta K. Håberg, Hanne F. Harbo, Catharina A. Hartman, Dirk Heslenfeld, Pieter J. Hoekstra, Einar A. Høgestøl, Terry Jernigan, Rune Jonassen, Erik G. Jönsson, Karolinska Schizophrenia Project (KaSP), Peter Kirsch, Iwona Kłoszewska, Knut-Kristian Kolskår, Nils Inge Landrø, Stephanie Le Hellard, Klaus-Peter Lesch, Simon Lovestone, Arvid Lundervold, Astri J. Lundervold, Luigi A. Maglanoc, Ulrik F. Malt, Patrizia Mecocci, Ingrid Melle, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Torgeir Moberget, Linn B. Norbom, Jan Egil Nordvik, Lars Nyberg, Jaap Oosterlaan, Marco Papalino, Andreas Papassotiropoulos, Paul Pauli, Giulio Pergola, Karin Persson, Geneviève Richard, Jaroslav Rokicki, Anne-Marthe Sanders, Geir Selbæk, Alexey A. Shadrin, Olav B. Smeland, Hilkka Soininen, Piotr Sowa, Vidar M. Steen, Magda Tsolaki, Kristine M. Ulrichsen, Bruno Vellas, Lei Wang, Eric Westman, Georg C. Ziegler, Mathias Zink, Ole A. Andreassen, Lars T. Westlye, for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, for the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics Study, for the AddNeuroMed consortium
bioRxiv 303164; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/303164
Genetics of brain age suggest an overlap with common brain disorders
Tobias Kaufmann, Dennis van der Meer, Nhat Trung Doan, Emanuel Schwarz, Martina J. Lund, Ingrid Agartz, Dag Alnæs, Deanna M. Barch, Ramona Baur-Streubel, Alessandro Bertolino, Francesco Bettella, Mona K. Beyer, Erlend Bøen, Stefan Borgwardt, Christine L. Brandt, Jan Buitelaar, Elisabeth G. Celius, Simon Cervenka, Annette Conzelmann, Aldo Córdova-Palomera, Anders M. Dale, Dominique J.-F de Quervain, Pasquale Di Carlo, Srdjan Djurovic, Erlend S. Dørum, Sarah Eisenacher, Torbjørn Elvsåshagen, Thomas Espeseth, Helena Fatouros-Bergman, Lena Flyckt, Barbara Franke, Oleksandr Frei, Beathe Haatveit, Asta K. Håberg, Hanne F. Harbo, Catharina A. Hartman, Dirk Heslenfeld, Pieter J. Hoekstra, Einar A. Høgestøl, Terry Jernigan, Rune Jonassen, Erik G. Jönsson, Karolinska Schizophrenia Project (KaSP), Peter Kirsch, Iwona Kłoszewska, Knut-Kristian Kolskår, Nils Inge Landrø, Stephanie Le Hellard, Klaus-Peter Lesch, Simon Lovestone, Arvid Lundervold, Astri J. Lundervold, Luigi A. Maglanoc, Ulrik F. Malt, Patrizia Mecocci, Ingrid Melle, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Torgeir Moberget, Linn B. Norbom, Jan Egil Nordvik, Lars Nyberg, Jaap Oosterlaan, Marco Papalino, Andreas Papassotiropoulos, Paul Pauli, Giulio Pergola, Karin Persson, Geneviève Richard, Jaroslav Rokicki, Anne-Marthe Sanders, Geir Selbæk, Alexey A. Shadrin, Olav B. Smeland, Hilkka Soininen, Piotr Sowa, Vidar M. Steen, Magda Tsolaki, Kristine M. Ulrichsen, Bruno Vellas, Lei Wang, Eric Westman, Georg C. Ziegler, Mathias Zink, Ole A. Andreassen, Lars T. Westlye, for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, for the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics Study, for the AddNeuroMed consortium
bioRxiv 303164; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/303164
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