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On the Development of Sesamoid Bones

View ORCID ProfileShai Eyal, Sarah Rubin, Sharon Krief, Lihi Levin, View ORCID ProfileElazar Zelzer
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/316901
Shai Eyal
1Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Sarah Rubin
1Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Sharon Krief
1Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Lihi Levin
1Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Elazar Zelzer
1Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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  • ORCID record for Elazar Zelzer
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ABSTRACT

Sesamoid bones are a special group of small auxiliary bones that form in proximity to joints and contribute to their stability and function. Sesamoid bones display high degree of variability in size, location, penetrance and anatomical connection to the main skeleton across vertebrate species. Therefore, providing a comprehensive developmental model or classification system for sesamoid bones is challenging. Here, we examine the developmental mechanisms of three anatomically different sesamoid bones, namely patella, lateral fabella and digit sesamoids. Through a comprehensive comparative analysis at the cellular, molecular and mechanical levels, we demonstrate that all three types of sesamoid bones originated from Sox9+/Scx+ progenitors under the regulation of TGFβ and independent of mechanical stimuli from muscles. We show that BMP4 was necessary specifically for differentiation of patella but not of lateral fabella or digit sesamoids, whereas BMP2 regulated the growth of all examined sesamoids. Next, we show that whereas patella and digit sesamoids initially formed in juxtaposition to long bones, the lateral fabella formed independently at a distance. Finally, we provide evidence suggesting that while patella detached from the femur by formation of a synovial joint, digit sesamoids detached from the phalanx by a fibrocartilage joint. Collectively, these findings highlight both common and divergent molecular and mechanical features of sesamoid bone development, thereby advancing our understanding of their evolutionary plasticity.

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The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
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Posted May 08, 2018.
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On the Development of Sesamoid Bones
Shai Eyal, Sarah Rubin, Sharon Krief, Lihi Levin, Elazar Zelzer
bioRxiv 316901; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/316901
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On the Development of Sesamoid Bones
Shai Eyal, Sarah Rubin, Sharon Krief, Lihi Levin, Elazar Zelzer
bioRxiv 316901; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/316901

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