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Soil viruses are underexplored players in ecosystem carbon processing

View ORCID ProfileGareth Trubl, View ORCID ProfileHo Bin Jang, View ORCID ProfileSimon Roux, View ORCID ProfileJoanne B. Emerson, Natalie Solonenko, Dean R. Vik, View ORCID ProfileLindsey Solden, Jared Ellenbogen, Alexander T. Runyon, Benjamin Bolduc, View ORCID ProfileBen J. Woodcroft, View ORCID ProfileScott R. Saleska, View ORCID ProfileGene W. Tyson, View ORCID ProfileKelly C. Wrighton, View ORCID ProfileMatthew B. Sullivan, View ORCID ProfileVirginia I. Rich
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/338103
Gareth Trubl
1Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Ho Bin Jang
1Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Simon Roux
1Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Joanne B. Emerson
1Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Natalie Solonenko
1Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Dean R. Vik
1Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Lindsey Solden
1Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Jared Ellenbogen
1Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Alexander T. Runyon
1Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Benjamin Bolduc
1Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Ben J. Woodcroft
2Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Scott R. Saleska
3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Gene W. Tyson
2Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Kelly C. Wrighton
1Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Matthew B. Sullivan
1Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
4Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Virginia I. Rich
1Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Summary

Rapidly thawing permafrost harbors ~30–50% of global soil carbon, and the fate of this carbon remains unknown. Microorganisms will play a central role in its fate, and their viruses could modulate that impact via induced mortality and metabolic controls. Because of the challenges of recovering viruses from soils, little is known about soil viruses or their role(s) in microbial biogeochemical cycling. Here, we describe 53 viral populations (vOTUs) recovered from seven quantitatively-derived (i.e. not multiple-displacement-amplified) viral-particle metagenomes (viromes) along a permafrost thaw gradient. Only 15% of these vOTUs had genetic similarity to publicly available viruses in the RefSeq database, and ~30% of the genes could be annotated, supporting the concept of soils as reservoirs of substantial undescribed viral genetic diversity. The vOTUs exhibited distinct ecology, with dramatically different distributions along the thaw gradient habitats, and a shift from soil-virus-like assemblages in the dry palsas to aquatic-virus-like in the inundated fen. Seventeen vOTUs were linked to microbial hosts (in silico), implicating viruses in infecting abundant microbial lineages from Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Deltaproteoacteria, including those encoding key biogeochemical functions such as organic matter degradation. Thirty-one auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) were identified, and suggested viral-mediated modulation of central carbon metabolism, soil organic matter degradation, polysaccharide-binding, and regulation of sporulation. Together these findings suggest that these soil viruses have distinct ecology, impact host-mediated biogeochemistry, and likely impact ecosystem function in the rapidly changing Arctic.

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Posted June 15, 2018.
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Soil viruses are underexplored players in ecosystem carbon processing
Gareth Trubl, Ho Bin Jang, Simon Roux, Joanne B. Emerson, Natalie Solonenko, Dean R. Vik, Lindsey Solden, Jared Ellenbogen, Alexander T. Runyon, Benjamin Bolduc, Ben J. Woodcroft, Scott R. Saleska, Gene W. Tyson, Kelly C. Wrighton, Matthew B. Sullivan, Virginia I. Rich
bioRxiv 338103; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/338103
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Soil viruses are underexplored players in ecosystem carbon processing
Gareth Trubl, Ho Bin Jang, Simon Roux, Joanne B. Emerson, Natalie Solonenko, Dean R. Vik, Lindsey Solden, Jared Ellenbogen, Alexander T. Runyon, Benjamin Bolduc, Ben J. Woodcroft, Scott R. Saleska, Gene W. Tyson, Kelly C. Wrighton, Matthew B. Sullivan, Virginia I. Rich
bioRxiv 338103; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/338103

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