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Genetic basis and timing of a major mating system shift in Capsella

Jörg A. Bachmann, Andrew Tedder, Benjamin Laenen, Marco Fracassetti, Aurélie Désamoré, Clément Lafon-Placette, Kim A. Steige, Caroline Callot, William Marande, Barbara Neuffer, Hélène Bergès, Claudia Köhler, Vincent Castric, Tanja Slotte
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/425389
Jörg A. Bachmann
1Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Andrew Tedder
1Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
6School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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Benjamin Laenen
1Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Marco Fracassetti
1Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Aurélie Désamoré
1Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Clément Lafon-Placette
2Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences & Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-75 007 Uppsala, Sweden
7Department of Botany, Charles University, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
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Kim A. Steige
1Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
8Institute of Botany, Biozentrum, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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Caroline Callot
3Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UPR 1258, Centre National des Ressources Génomiques Végétales, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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William Marande
3Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UPR 1258, Centre National des Ressources Génomiques Végétales, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Barbara Neuffer
4Department of Botany, University of Osnabruck, 49076 Osnabruck, Germany
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Hélène Bergès
3Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UPR 1258, Centre National des Ressources Génomiques Végétales, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Claudia Köhler
2Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences & Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-75 007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Vincent Castric
5Unité Evo-Eco-Paléo (EEP) - UMR 8198, CNRS/Université de Lille - Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, F-59655, France
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Tanja Slotte
1Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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  • For correspondence: tanja.slotte@su.se
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Abstract

Shifts from outcrossing to self-fertilisation have occurred repeatedly in many different lineages of flowering plants, and often involve the breakdown of genetic outcrossing mechanisms. In the Brassicaceae, self-incompatibility (SI) allows plants to ensure outcrossing by recognition and rejection of self-pollen on the stigma. This occurs through the interaction of female and male specificity components, consisting of a pistil based receptor and a pollen-coat protein, both of which are encoded by tightly linked genes at the S-locus. When benefits of selfing are higher than costs of inbreeding, theory predicts that loss-of-function mutations in the male (pollen) SI component should be favoured, especially if they are dominant. However, it remains unclear whether mutations in the male component of SI are predominantly responsible for shifts to self-compatibility, and testing this prediction has been difficult due to the challenges of sequencing the highly polymorphic and repetitive ~100 kbp S-locus. The crucifer genus Capsella offers an excellent opportunity to study multiple transitions from outcrossing to self-fertilization, but so far, little is known about the genetic basis and timing of loss of SI in the self-fertilizing diploid Capsella orientalis. Here, we show that loss of SI in C. orientalis occurred within the past 2.6 Mya and maps as a dominant trait to the S-locus. Using targeted long-read sequencing of multiple complete S-haplotypes, we identify a frameshift deletion in the male specificity gene SCR that is fixed in C. orientalis, and we confirm loss of male SI specificity. We further analyze RNA sequencing data to identify a conserved, S-linked small RNA (sRNA) that is predicted to cause dominance of self-compatibility. Our results suggest that degeneration of pollen SI specificity in dominant S-alleles is important for shifts to self-fertilization in the Brassicaceae.

Author Summary Already Darwin was fascinated by the widely varying modes of plant reproduction. The shift from outcrossing to self-fertilization is considered one of the most frequent evolutionary transitions in flowering plants, yet we still know little about the genetic basis of these shifts. In the Brassicaceae, outcrossing is enforced by a self-incompatibility (SI) system that enables the recognition and rejection of self pollen. This occurs through the action of two tightly linked genes at the S-locus, that encode a receptor protein located on the stigma (female component) and a pollen ligand protein (male component), respectively. Nevertheless, SI has frequently been lost, and theory predicts that mutations in the male component should have an advantage during the loss of SI, especially if they are dominant. To test this hypothesis, we mapped the loss of SI in a selfing species from the genus Capsella, a model system for evolutionary genomics. We found that loss of SI mapped to the S-locus, which harbored a dominant loss-of-function mutation in the male SI protein, and as expected, we found that male specificity was indeed lost in C. orientalis. Our results suggest that transitions to selfing often involve parallel genetic changes.

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Posted September 24, 2018.
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Genetic basis and timing of a major mating system shift in Capsella
Jörg A. Bachmann, Andrew Tedder, Benjamin Laenen, Marco Fracassetti, Aurélie Désamoré, Clément Lafon-Placette, Kim A. Steige, Caroline Callot, William Marande, Barbara Neuffer, Hélène Bergès, Claudia Köhler, Vincent Castric, Tanja Slotte
bioRxiv 425389; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/425389
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Genetic basis and timing of a major mating system shift in Capsella
Jörg A. Bachmann, Andrew Tedder, Benjamin Laenen, Marco Fracassetti, Aurélie Désamoré, Clément Lafon-Placette, Kim A. Steige, Caroline Callot, William Marande, Barbara Neuffer, Hélène Bergès, Claudia Köhler, Vincent Castric, Tanja Slotte
bioRxiv 425389; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/425389

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