Rapid clearing of biological organs by using phosphoric acid, a hydrophilic solution with high refractive index

Abstract

Tissue clearing is a fundamental challenge in biology and medicine to achieve high-resolution optical imaging of tissues deep inside intact organs. The clearing methods, reported up to now, require long incubation time or physical/electrical pressure to achieve tissue clearing, which is done by matching the refractive indices of the whole sample and medium to that of the lipid layer. Here we show that phosphoric acid increases the refractive index of the medium and can increase the transparency of formalin-fixed tissue samples rapidly. Immersion of fixed tissues of mice in phosphoric acid solutions increased their transparency within 60 min in the case of 3-mm-thick fixed tissue specimens. While phosphoric acid suppresses bright signals on the boundary of cells in their phase-contrast images, it does not damage the morphology of cell membrane with phospholipid bilayer. The protocol presented herein may contribute to develop better and faster soaking methods for tissue clearing than previously reported protocols.