Abstract
Over 95% of human genes undergo alternative splicing (AS) in a developmental, tissue-specific, or signal transduction-dependent manner. Here, we present a large-scale survey of sex-biased differential alternative splicing (DAS) across 7027 samples of 39 tissues from 532 individuals (351 males and 181 females) from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project. We detected a total of 1278 statistically significant DAS events affecting 888 different genes and 4417 significant differential gene expression (DGE) events in 3221 genes. Only 267 (29.3%) of the differentially spliced genes were also differentially expressed. Genes that displayed sex-biased DGE or DAS across multiple tissues were enriched in functions related to signaling including histone demethylation. The probability of a gene showing significant differential AS varies by chromosome and is highest for the X chromosome, with differentially spliced X chromosomal genes additionally being more likely to escape X chromosomal inactivation. A small but significant association was found between sex-biased AS and transcripts that undergo physiological nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). We show a significant overlap of differential splicing and genes that display estrogen-induced alternative splicing, that are involved in estrogen response pathway. Further, we show overlap of the involved exons with estrogen-receptor bindings sites. Our results provide a comprehensive survey of sex-biased AS and its characteristics across a large collection of human tissues.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Footnotes
We repeated the analysis with the latest GTEx data version, created a reproducible pipeline with nextflow scripts and Jupyter notebooks to repeat our analysis, we added a new analysis of overlap with estrogen responsive genes, and deleted a number of topics that we briefly treated in the first version but would prefer to reserve for a future separate manuscript. For this reason, we have adjusted to authors list with the permission of all concerned.
