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Sex Differences in Effects of Obesity on Reproductive Hormones and Glucose Metabolism in Puberty: The Health Influences of Puberty Study

Natalie Nokoff, Jessica Thurston, Allison Hilkin, Laura Pyle, Philip Zeitler, Kristen J. Nadeau, Nanette Santoro, Megan M. Kelsey
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/497339
Natalie Nokoff
1University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
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Jessica Thurston
2University of Colorado School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics
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Allison Hilkin
1University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
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Laura Pyle
1University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
2University of Colorado School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics
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Philip Zeitler
1University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
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Kristen J. Nadeau
1University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
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Nanette Santoro
3University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
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Megan M. Kelsey
1University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
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Abstract

Context Obesity is known to impact reproductive function in adults, but little is known about its effects on reproductive hormones during puberty or sex differences in these effects.

Objective To assess sex differences in effects of obesity on reproductive hormones and their relationship to insulin sensitivity and secretion.

Design Cross-sectional study including anthropometrics, serum and urine reproductive hormone concentrations, and intravenous glucose tolerance testing (IVGTT) to assess acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg) and insulin sensitivity (Si)

Setting Outpatient academic clinical research center

Patients Fifty-one normal weight (NW, BMI-Z=-0.11 ± 0.77, age=11.5 ± 1.7 years) and 53 obese (BMI-Z=2.22 ± 0.33, age=10.9 ± 1.5 years) girls (n=54) and boys (n=50), Tanner stage 2-3

Results Obese boys had lower total testosterone (p<0.0001) and higher concentrations of the urinary estradiol metabolite, E1c, (p=0.046) than NW boys. Obese girls had higher free androgen index (FAI, p=0.03) than NW girls. Both obese boys and girls had lower sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG, p<0.0001) than NW. AIRg was inversely related to SHBG in boys (R2= 0.36, p<0.0001) and girls (R2=0.29, p=0.0001). Insulin resistance correlated with lower SHBG in boys (R2=0.45, p<0.0001) and girls (R2=0.24, p=0.0003), lower total testosterone for boys (R2=0.15, p=0.01), and higher FAI for girls (R2=0.08, p=0.04).

Conclusion Obese youth have lower SHBG than NW youth, but obesity has differential effects on reproductive hormones in girls vs. boys, which are apparent early in puberty. Ongoing longitudinal studies will evaluate the impact of obesity on reproductive hormones in girls and boys as puberty progresses.

Footnotes

  • Grant support: American Diabetes Association Junior Faculty Award (1-11-JF-23), Children’s Hospital Colorado Research Institute Research Scholar Award, Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women’s Health NIH/NICHD BIRCWH K12 (HD057022-06), NIH/NCATS Colorado CTSA UL1 TR001082

  • Conflicts of interest: The authors have nothing to disclose.

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Posted December 17, 2018.
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Sex Differences in Effects of Obesity on Reproductive Hormones and Glucose Metabolism in Puberty: The Health Influences of Puberty Study
Natalie Nokoff, Jessica Thurston, Allison Hilkin, Laura Pyle, Philip Zeitler, Kristen J. Nadeau, Nanette Santoro, Megan M. Kelsey
bioRxiv 497339; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/497339
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Sex Differences in Effects of Obesity on Reproductive Hormones and Glucose Metabolism in Puberty: The Health Influences of Puberty Study
Natalie Nokoff, Jessica Thurston, Allison Hilkin, Laura Pyle, Philip Zeitler, Kristen J. Nadeau, Nanette Santoro, Megan M. Kelsey
bioRxiv 497339; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/497339

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