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Endocytosis against high turgor pressure is made easier by partial protein coating and a freely rotating base

View ORCID ProfileRui Ma, View ORCID ProfileJulien Berro
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/558890
Rui Ma
1Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
2Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
3Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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  • For correspondence: ruima@xmu.edu.cn
Julien Berro
2Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
3Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
4Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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  • For correspondence: julien.berro@yale.edu
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ABSTRACT

During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a patch of flat plasma membrane is deformed into a vesicle. In walled cells, such as plants and fungi, the turgor pressure is high and pushes the membrane against the cell wall, thus hindering membrane internalization. In this paper, we study how a patch of membrane is deformed against turgor pressure by force and by curvature-generating proteins. We show that a large amount of force is needed to merely start deforming the membrane and an even larger force is needed to pull a membrane tube. The magnitude of these forces strongly depends on how the base of the membrane is constrained and how the membrane is coated with curvature-generating proteins. In particular, these forces can be reduced by partially but not fully coating the membrane patch with curvature-generating proteins. Our theoretical results show excellent agreement with experimental data.

SIGNIFICANCE Yeast cells have been widely used as a model system to study clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The mechanics of membrane during endocytosis has been extensively studied mostly in low turgor pressure condition, which is relevant for mammalian cells but not for yeast cells. It has been suggested that as a result of high turgor pressure in yeast cells, a large amount of force is needed to drive the progress of the membrane invagination. In this paper, we investigated biologically relevant mechanisms to reduce the force requirement. We highlight the role of boundary conditions at the membrane base, which is a factor that has been largely ignored in previous studies. We also investigate the role of curvature-generating proteins and show that a large protein coat does not necessarily reduce the force barrier for endocytosis.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Footnotes

  • https://github.com/ruima86/MembraneModel

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Posted January 30, 2021.
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Endocytosis against high turgor pressure is made easier by partial protein coating and a freely rotating base
Rui Ma, Julien Berro
bioRxiv 558890; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/558890
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Endocytosis against high turgor pressure is made easier by partial protein coating and a freely rotating base
Rui Ma, Julien Berro
bioRxiv 558890; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/558890

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