Abstract
Background Accurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking.
Methods We recorded the sound waveforms of seven coils with high bandwidth. We estimated the neural stimulation strength by measuring the induced electric field and applying a strength–duration model to account for different waveforms.
Results Across coils, at maximum stimulator output and 25 cm distance, the sound pressure level (SPL) was 98–125 dB(Z) per pulse and 75–97 dB(A) for a 15 Hz pulse train. At 5 cm distance, these values were estimated to increase to 112–139 dB(Z) and 89–111 dB(A), respectively.
Conclusions The coils’ sound was below, but near, relevant exposure limits for operators and may exceed some limits for the subject. Exposure standards may inadequately capture some risks to hearing. For persons near operating TMS coils we recommend hearing protection, and we consider it essential for the TMS subject.
Highlights
Coil click varies by over 20 dB(Z) between TMS coils at matched stimulation strength.
Close to TMS coil, sound pressure level may reach nearly 140 dB(Z).
For rTMS, the continuous sound level can exceed 110 dB(A).
Hearing protection is recommended during TMS, especially for the subject.
Footnotes
Expanded interpretation of results and discussion of implications for hearing; added a co-author; corrected peak SPL to measure peak and not half peak-to-peak SPL increasing peak SPL figures by 0-2 dB.
