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DNA hypomethylation during MSC chondrogenesis occurs predominantly at enhancer regions

Matt J. Barter, Catherine Bui, Kathleen Cheung, Rodolfo Gómez, Andrew J. Skelton, Hannah R. Elliott, Louise N. Reynard, View ORCID ProfileDavid A. Young
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/625954
Matt J. Barter
Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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Catherine Bui
Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, INSERM U954, NGERE—Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Kathleen Cheung
Bioinformatics Support Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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Rodolfo Gómez
Musculoskeletal Pathology Group, Institute IDIS, Servicio Galego de Saúde, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Andrew J. Skelton
Bioinformatics Support Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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Hannah R. Elliott
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Louise N. Reynard
Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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David A. Young
Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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  • ORCID record for David A. Young
  • For correspondence: d.a.young@ncl.ac.uk
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Abstract

Summary Regulation of transcription occurs in a cell type specific manner by epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation and histone modifications. Methylation changes during stem cell differentiation may play a key role in lineage specification. We sought to characterise DNA methylation changes during chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in order to further our understanding of epigenetic regulation in chondrocytes. The consequences of which has potential to improve cartilage generation for tissue engineering purposes and also to provide context for observed methylation changes in cartilage diseases such as osteoarthritis. We identified significant DNA hypomethylation during chondrogenesis including changes at many key cartilage gene loci. Importantly characterisation of significant CpG loci indicated their predominant localisation to enhancer regions. Comparison with adult cartilage and other tissue methylation profiles identified chondrocyte-specific regulatory regions. Taken together we have associated methylation at many CpGs with the chondrocyte phenotype.

Abstract Regulation of transcription is determined in a cell type specific manner by epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation and histone modifications. Methylation changes during stem cell differentiation may play a role in lineage specification. Multipotent mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation into chondrocytes not only serves as a model for chondrocyte development but also provides an important source of cartilage for tissue engineering purposes. We sought to characterise DNA methylation changes during chondrogenesis to further understanding of epigenetic regulation but to also provide context for the changes identified during disease.

DNA cytosine methylation changes during human MSC differentiation into chondrocytes were measured by Infinium 450K methylation array. Methylation changes at gene loci were contrasted with gene expression changes. Chromatin states of significant methylation loci were interpreted by intersection with chondrogenesis histone modification ChlP-seq data. Chondrogenic and cartilage specific hypomethylation was utilised in order to identify a chondrocyte methylome. Articular cartilage and tissue panel DNA methylation was compared and alterations during osteoarthritis cartilage disease classified.

Significant DNA hypomethylation was identified following chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs including changes at many key cartilage gene loci. Highly upregulated genes during chondrogenesis were more likely to exhibit a reduction in DNA methylation. Characterisation of significant CpG loci indicated their predominant localisation in CpG poor regions which importantly are most likely to correspond to enhancer regions. Methylation level at certain CpGs following chondrogenesis corresponds to the level found in adult cartilage.

Taken together, considerable demethylation changes to the epigenetic landscape occur during MSC chondrogenesis especially at sites marked by enhancer modifications. Comparison with other tissues, including healthy and OA cartilage, associates CpGs to the chondrocyte phenotype and provides context for changes in disease.

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Posted May 02, 2019.
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DNA hypomethylation during MSC chondrogenesis occurs predominantly at enhancer regions
Matt J. Barter, Catherine Bui, Kathleen Cheung, Rodolfo Gómez, Andrew J. Skelton, Hannah R. Elliott, Louise N. Reynard, David A. Young
bioRxiv 625954; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/625954
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DNA hypomethylation during MSC chondrogenesis occurs predominantly at enhancer regions
Matt J. Barter, Catherine Bui, Kathleen Cheung, Rodolfo Gómez, Andrew J. Skelton, Hannah R. Elliott, Louise N. Reynard, David A. Young
bioRxiv 625954; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/625954

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