Abstract
While many studies have investigated non-target impacts of neonicotinoid seed treatments (NSTs), they usually take place within a single crop and focus on specific pest or beneficial arthropod taxa.
We compared the impacts of three seed treatments to an untreated control: imidacloprid + fungicide products, thiamethoxam + fungicide products, and fungicide products alone in a three-year crop rotation of full-season soybean, winter wheat, double-cropped soybean and maize. Specifically, we quantified neonicotinoid residues in the soil and in weedy winter annual flower buds and examined treatment impacts on soil and foliar arthropod communities, and on plant growth and yield.
Trace amounts of insecticide were found in winter annual flowers of one species in one site year, which did not correspond with our treatments. Although low levels of insecticide residues were present in the soil, residues were not persistent. Residues were highest in the final year of the study, suggesting some accumulation.
We observed variable impacts of NSTs on the arthropod community; principle response curve analysis, diversity and evenness values exhibited occasional community disturbances, and treatments impacted the abundance of various taxa. Overall, imidacloprid had a greater effect than thiamethoxam, with the fungicide only treatment also occasionally impacting communities and individual taxa.
Pest pressure was low throughout the study, and although pest numbers were reduced by the insecticides no corresponding increases in yield were observed. However, the fungicide products contributed to higher yields in wheat.
Synthesis and applications. Pesticide seed treatments can disturb arthropod communities, even when environmental persistence and active ingredient concentrations are low. The foliar community in wheat and maize exhibited a trend of increasing disturbance throughout the sampling period, suggesting that recovery from the impacts of NSTs is not always rapid. Our study is among the first to demonstrate that seed applied fungicides alone can disrupt arthropod communities in agroecosystems and highlights the need for further investigation into the impacts of seed applied fungicides.
