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Multivariate phenotypic divergence along an urbanization gradient

View ORCID ProfileJames S. Santangelo, Carole Advenard, View ORCID ProfileL. Ruth Rivkin, View ORCID ProfileKen A. Thompson
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/699017
James S. Santangelo
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
2Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada
3Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada
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  • For correspondence: james.santangelo37@gmail.com
Carole Advenard
4AgroSup Dijon, Dijon 21000, Burgundy, France
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L. Ruth Rivkin
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
2Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada
3Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada
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Ken A. Thompson
5Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Abstract

A growing body of evidence suggests that natural populations can evolve to better tolerate the novel environmental conditions associated with urban areas. Invariably, studies of adaptive divergence in urban areas examine only one or a few traits at a time from populations residing only at the most extreme urban and nonurban habitats. Thus, whether urbanization is driving divergence in many traits simultaneously in a manner that varies with the degree of urbanization remains unclear. To address this gap, we generated seed families of white clover (Trifolium repens) collected from 27 populations along an urbanization gradient in Toronto, Canada, and grew them up to measure multiple phenotypic traits in a common garden. Overall, urban populations had later phenology and germination, larger flowers, thinner stolons, reduced cyanogenesis, greater biomass, and were more attractive to pollinators. Pollinator observations revealed near complete turnover between urban and nonurban sites, which may explain some of the observed divergence in floral traits and phenology. Our results suggest that adaptation to urban environments involves multiple organismal traits.

Footnotes

  • The manuscript has been shortened from ~5000 words to ~2500 words. We have added one table and removed one figure. Much of the text has been revised for clarity.

  • https://github.com/James-S-Santangelo/SIC

Copyright 
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Posted March 19, 2020.
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Multivariate phenotypic divergence along an urbanization gradient
James S. Santangelo, Carole Advenard, L. Ruth Rivkin, Ken A. Thompson
bioRxiv 699017; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/699017
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Multivariate phenotypic divergence along an urbanization gradient
James S. Santangelo, Carole Advenard, L. Ruth Rivkin, Ken A. Thompson
bioRxiv 699017; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/699017

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