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Tritrophic interactions involving a dioecious fig tree, its fig pollinating wasp and fig nematodes

View ORCID ProfileJ. Jauharlina, Hartati Oktarina, Rina Sriwati, Natsumi Kanzaki, Rupert J. Quinnell, Stephen G. Compton
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/736652
J. Jauharlina
1Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111 Indonesia
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  • For correspondence: ljauharlina@unsyiah.ac.id
Hartati Oktarina
1Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111 Indonesia
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Rina Sriwati
1Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111 Indonesia
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Natsumi Kanzaki
2Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 68 Nagaikyutaroh, Momoyama, Fushimi, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
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Rupert J. Quinnell
3School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Stephen G. Compton
3School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Abstract

Many species of fig trees (Ficus spp., Moraceae) have nematodes that develop inside their inflorescences (figs). Nematodes are carried into young figs by females of the trees’ host-specific pollinating fig wasps (Agaonidae) that enter the figs to lay their eggs. The majority of Asian fig trees are functionally dioecious. Pollinators that enter figs on female trees cannot reproduce and offspring of any nematodes they carry will also be trapped inside. The biology of the nematodes is diverse, but poorly understood. We contrasted the development of nematodes carried by the pollinating fig wasp Ceratosolen solmsi marchali into figs on male and female trees of Ficus hispida in Sumatra, Indonesia. Figs were sampled from both male and female trees over a six-month period, with the nematodes extracted to record their development of their populations inside the figs. Populations of three species of nematodes developed routinely inside figs of both sexes: Caenorhabditis sp. (Rhabditidae), Ficophagus cf. centerae and Martininema baculum (both Aphelenchoididae). This is the first record of a Caenorhabditis sp. associated with F. hispida. Mean numbers of nematodes reached around 120-140 in both male and female figs. These peak population sizes coincided with the emergence of the new generation of adult fig wasps in male fig trees. We conclude that figs on female trees can support development and reproduction of some nematode species, but the absence of vectors means that their populations cannot persist beyond the lifetime of a single fig. Just like their fig wasp vectors, the nematodes cannot avoid this routine source of mortality.

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Posted August 15, 2019.
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Tritrophic interactions involving a dioecious fig tree, its fig pollinating wasp and fig nematodes
J. Jauharlina, Hartati Oktarina, Rina Sriwati, Natsumi Kanzaki, Rupert J. Quinnell, Stephen G. Compton
bioRxiv 736652; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/736652
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Tritrophic interactions involving a dioecious fig tree, its fig pollinating wasp and fig nematodes
J. Jauharlina, Hartati Oktarina, Rina Sriwati, Natsumi Kanzaki, Rupert J. Quinnell, Stephen G. Compton
bioRxiv 736652; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/736652

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