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Encephalitic alphaviruses exploit caveolae-mediated transcytosis at the blood-brain barrier for CNS entry

Hamid Salimi, Matthew D. Cain, Xiaoping Jiang, Robyn A. Roth, Wandy Beatty, Chengqun Sun, William B. Klimstra, Jianghui Hou, Robyn S. Klein
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/805945
Hamid Salimi
1Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Matthew D. Cain
1Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Xiaoping Jiang
1Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Robyn A. Roth
1Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Wandy Beatty
1Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Chengqun Sun
2Department of Immunology and Center for Vaccine Research2, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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William B. Klimstra
2Department of Immunology and Center for Vaccine Research2, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Jianghui Hou
1Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Robyn S. Klein
1Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
3Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
4Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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  • For correspondence: rklein@wustl.edu
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Abstract

Venezuelan and Western equine encephalitis viruses (VEEV and WEEV) invade the CNS early during infection, via neuronal and hematogenous routes (1, 2). While viral replication mediates host-shut off, including expression of type I interferons (IFN) (3, 4), few studies have addressed how alphaviruses gain access to the CNS during established infection or the mechanisms of viral crossing at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we show that hematogenous dissemination of VEEV and WEEV into the CNS occurs via caveolin (Cav)-1-mediated transcytosis (Cav-MT) across an intact BBB, which is impeded by IFN and inhibitors of RhoA GTPase. Use of reporter and non-replicative strains also demonstrates that IFN signaling mediates viral restriction within cells comprising the neurovascular unit (NVU), differentially rendering brain endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes permissive to viral replication. Transmission and immunoelectron microscopy revealed early events in virus internalization and Cav-1-association within brain endothelial cells. Cav-1-deficient mice exhibit diminished CNS VEEV and WEEV titers during early infection, whereas viral burdens in peripheral tissues remained unchanged. Our findings show that alphaviruses exploit Cav-MT to enter the CNS, and that IFN differentially restricts this process at the BBB.

Importance VEEV, WEEV and EEEV are emerging infectious diseases in the Americas, and they have caused several major outbreaks in the human and horse population during the past few decades. Shortly after infection, these viruses can infect the CNS, resulting in severe long-term neurological deficits or death. Neuroinvasion has been associated with virus entry into the CNS directly from the blood-stream, however the underlying molecular mechanisms have remained largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that following peripheral infection alphavirus augments vesicular formation/trafficking at the BBB and utilizes Cav-MT to cross an intact BBB, a process regulated by activators of Rho GTPAses within brain endothelium. In vivo examination of early viral entry in Cav-1-deficient mice revealed significantly lower viral burdens than in similarly infected wild-type animals. These studies identify a potentially targetable pathway to limit neuroinvasion by alphaviruses.

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The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Posted October 16, 2019.
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Encephalitic alphaviruses exploit caveolae-mediated transcytosis at the blood-brain barrier for CNS entry
Hamid Salimi, Matthew D. Cain, Xiaoping Jiang, Robyn A. Roth, Wandy Beatty, Chengqun Sun, William B. Klimstra, Jianghui Hou, Robyn S. Klein
bioRxiv 805945; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/805945
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Encephalitic alphaviruses exploit caveolae-mediated transcytosis at the blood-brain barrier for CNS entry
Hamid Salimi, Matthew D. Cain, Xiaoping Jiang, Robyn A. Roth, Wandy Beatty, Chengqun Sun, William B. Klimstra, Jianghui Hou, Robyn S. Klein
bioRxiv 805945; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/805945

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