Deinbollia onanae (Sapindaceae), a new, Endangered, montane tree species from the Cameroon Highlands

Deinbollia onanae (Sapindaceae-Litchi clade) is here formally named and characterised as a new species to science, previously known as Deinbollia sp. 2. Cameroon has the highest species-diversity and species endemism known in this African-Western Indian Ocean genus of 42 species. Deinbollia onanae is an infrequent tree species known from five locations in surviving islands of montane (or upper submontane) forest along the line of the Cameroon Highlands. It is here assessed as Endangered according to the IUCN 2012 standard, threatened mainly by clearance of forest for agriculture. The majority of tree species characteristic of montane forest (above 2000 m alt.) in the Cameroon Highlands are also widespread in East African mountains (i.e. are Afromontane). Deinbollia onanae is one of only a very small number of species that are endemic (globally restricted to) the mountain range. It is postulated that this new species is in a sister relationship with Deinbollia oreophila, which is a frequent species of a lower (submontane) altitudinal band of the same range. It is further postulated that seed dispersal is or was by frugivorous birds, potentially turacos, alternatively by primates such as Preuss s monkey.


INTRODUCTION
As part of the project to designate Important Plant Areas (IPAs) in Cameroon (also known as Tropical Important Plant Areas or TIPAs), we are striving to name, assess the conservation status and include in IPAs (Darbyshire et al., 2017) rare and threatened plant species in the surviving, threatened natural habitat of the Cross-Sanaga interval (Cheek et al., 2001). Several of these species were previously designated as new to science but not formally published in a series of checklists (see below) ranging over much of the Cross-Sanaga interval. The Cross-Sanaga has the highest vascular plant species diversity per degree square in tropical Africa (Barthlott et al., 1996) but natural habitat is being steadily being cleared, predominantly for agriculture.
In this paper we formally describe and name as Deinbollia onanae Cheek a high-altitude tree species formerly designated as "Deinbollia sp. 2" (Harvey et al., 2004. In the 21 st century only two new species to science have been published in the genus, Deinbollia mezilii D.W. Thomas & D.J.Harris (Thomas & Harris, 2000) and D. oreophila Cheek (Cheek & Etuge 2009), both from Cameroon. But specimens often remain unidentified in herbaria. For example, 16 specimens unidentified to species are listed in the Gabon Checklist (Sosef et al.,2005). The genus has no major uses but the fruits of several species are reported as being edible by humans, and the seeds are probably primate-dispersed or dispersed by large frugivorous birds, and the flowers probably bee-pollinated (Cheek & Etuge, 2009), while the bark of D. grandifolius Hook.f. is used medicinally and the wood for planks (Burkill, 2006).

METHODS & MATERIALS
Fieldwork in Cameroon resulting in the specimens cited in this paper was conducted under the terms of the series of Memoranda of Collaboration between IRAD (Institute for Agronomic Research and Development)-National Herbarium of Cameroon and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew beginning in 1992, the most recent of which is valid until 5 th Sept. 2021. The most recent research permit issued for fieldwork under these agreements was 000146/MINRESI/B00/C00/C10/C12 (issued 28 Nov 2019), and the export permit number was 098/IRAD/DG/CRRA-NK/SSRB/12/2019 (issued 19 Dec 2019). At the Royal Botanic Gardens, Fieldwork was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kew entitled the Overseas Fieldwork Committee (OFC) for which the most recent registration number was OFC 807-3 (2019). The most complete set of duplicates for all specimens made was deposited at YA, the remainder exported to K for identification and distribution following standard practice. Field work methodology followed was Cheek & Cable (1997).
Herbarium citations follow Index Herbariorum (Thiers et al., 2020). Specimens indicated "!" were seen by one or more of the authors, and were studied at K, P, WAG, and YA. The National Herbarium of Cameroon, YA, was also searched for additional material of the new taxon as was Tropicos (http://legacy.tropicos.org/SpecimenSearch.aspx). During the time that this paper was researched in 2019-2020, it was not possible to obtain physical access to material at WAG (due to the transfer of WAG to Naturalis, Leiden, subsequent construction work, and covid-19 travel and access restrictions). However images for WAG specimens were studied at https://bioportal.naturalis.nl/?language=en and those from P at https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/search/form?lang=en_US. We also searched JStor Global Plants (2020) for additional type material of the genus not already represented at K.
Binomial authorities follow the International Plant Names Index (IPNI, 2020). The conservation assessment was made using the categories and criteria of IUCN (2012). GeoCAT was used to calculate red list metrics (Bachman et al., 2011). Herbarium material was examined with a Leica Wild M8 dissecting binocular microscope fitted with an eyepiece graticule measuring in units of 0.025 mm at maximum magnification. The drawing was made with the same equipment using Leica 308700 camera lucida attachment. Flowers from herbarium specimens of the new species described below were soaked in warm water to rehydrate the flowers, allowing dissection, characterisation and measurement. The terms and format of the description follow the conventions of (Cheek & Etuge, 2009).

TAXONOMIC TREATMENT
Deinbollia sp. 2, because it has leaves less than 1 m long, only sparsely hairy on the lower surface, leaflets more than 15 cm long and sepals adaxially glabrous, flower buds very sparsely hairy and less than 5 mm diam. borne on a branched inflorescence 10-30 cm long, keys out in the Flore Du Cameroun treatment of Deinbollia (Fouilloy & Hallé, 1973) to a couplet leading to D. grandifolia Hook.f. and D. maxima Gilg. However, it differs from these two species in having (2-)8-11-jugate (not 4-7-jugate), and in other characters shown in table 1.
The affinities of Deinbollia sp. 2 may instead be with, however, the recently described D. oreophila since this species also occurs at altitude in the Cameroon Highlands and both species share numerous raised lenticels and also leaflets with high length: breadth ratios and with high numbers of secondary nerves. In fact, at two locations, Mt Kupe and Bali Ngemba, the two species are sympatric and their altitudinal ranges can overlap slightly , Harvey et al., 2004. As the only two species of the genus to grow at altitude in the Cameroon Highlands, there is a possibility that they might be confused with each other. The two species can be separated using  Cheek et al., (2000). Deinbollia sp. 2 sensu Cheek in Harvey et al., (2004: 125); Cheek & Etuge in Cheek et al., (2004: 399); Cheek in Cheek et al.,(2010: 143, fig 23).
Phenology: flowering in November-December; fruiting probably in August-September.
Local name and uses: none are known. "Onana's Deinbollia is suggested as a common name.  (Onana, 2017), co-chair of the IUCN Central African Red List Authority for Plants, former Head of the National Herbarium of Cameroon (2005Cameroon ( -2016, co-author of the Red Data Book of the Plants of Cameroon  and the Taxonomic Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Cameroon (Onana, 2011). He led field teams of YA staff working with those of K that resulted in the collection of several of the specimens of this species and personally collected this species in the field (Onana 1600, K, YA).  . Two specimens of Deinbollia matched no other and were named Deinbollia cf. pinnata . In subsequent surveys this taxon was more explicitly referred to as a new species: Deinbollia sp. 2 (Harvey et al., 2004, Cheek et al., 2009 Conservation: Deinbollia onanae is rare at each of its five known locations so far as is known. Despite many thousands of herbarium specimens being collected at Kilum-Ijim, at Mt Kupe and the Bakossi Mts, and at Bali Ngemba Cheek et al., 2004;Harvey et al., 2006) only two specimens of this species at two sites, were made at each of the first two locations and only one at the third location. Surveys at other sites in the Cameroon Highlands and elsewhere, e.g at Mt Cameroon and at the Lebialem Highlands, failed to find this species (Cheek et al., 1996;Cable & Cheek 1998;Harvey et al., 2010;Cheek et al., 2011). However, at Dom, where a targetted search for this species was made by the first author, three specimens were made, each representing single, isolated trees . No more individuals than these were found. At Adamaoua it has only been collected once, and only a single tree was then noted (W.J.J.O. & J.J.F.E. de Wilde, B.E.E. de Wilde-Duyfjes 4555(K)). None of these locations is formally protected for nature conservation. Tree cutting for timber and habitat clearance for agriculture has long been known to be a threat at all but the last of these locations (references cited above). We assess the area of occupancy of Deinbollia onanae as 28 km² using the IUCN preferred 4 km² cell size. Therefore, we assess this species as Endangered, EN B2ab(iii) using the IUCN (2012) standard. We suggest that this species be included in forest restoration plantings within its natural range to partly reverse its move to extinction. However, the likely large (c. 1 cm diam.), thin-walled seeds are probably recalcitrant, so not suitable for conventional seed-banking, and should not be allowed to be dried before sowing.

DISCUSSION
The discovery of a threatened, new species to science from surviving natural habitat in the Cameroon Highlands is not unusual. At most of the five locations from which we here describe Deinbollia onanae, additional new or resurrected species to science, all threatened with extinction, have been documented in recent years. At Mt Kupe for example, Coffea montekupensis Stoffelen (Stoffelen et al., 1996) and more recently the new species and genus to science Kupeantha kupensis Cheek & Sonké (Cheek et al., 2018a). At Bali Ngemba, Leptonychia kamerunensis Engler & K.
However, Deinbollia onanae is exceptional among these aforementioned species in that it is a new species of tree of predominantly montane forest. The many other newly discovered for science, resurrected or rediscovered plant species of the Cameroon Highlands have either been herbs or shrubs or are derived from submontane habitats (800-2000 m altitude). The division between montane and submontane forest is well-marked in Cameroon (Cheek et al., 1996;Cheek et al., 2000), although some species of tree, like Deinbollia onanae can occur on either side of the 2000 m contour. The tree species diversity of the montane forest is low compared with adjoining submontane forest, and in contrast, with very few Cameroon Highland endemic tree species. Almost all montane tree species of the Cameroon Highlands are widespread in montane forest in Africa (Afromontane) occurring also east of the Congo Basin in the rift mountains of East Africa. Apart from Deinbollia onanae, the only other montane tree species endemic to the Cameroon Highland chain are the nearly extinct Ternstroemia cameroonensis Cheek (Cheek et al., 2017) and the more common and widespread Schleffera mannii (Hook.f.)Harms (Keay, 1958).
The high altitudinal range of Deinbollia onanae is unrivalled west of the Congo basin by any other species of the genus. Elsewhere in Africa it is matched only by Deinbollia kilimandscharica Taub., of mountains from Ethiopia to Malawi, reported to achieve 2250 m elevation in Tanzania (Davies & Verdcourt, 1998). Most species of the genus in tropical Africa are lowland forest shrubs, in the Cameroon Highlands only Deinbollia oreophila also occurs regularly at altitude, and is largely confined to the submontane forest band being recorded from (880-)1000-1900(-2050) m altitude where it is often relatively frequent (Cheek & Etuge, 2009). We postulate based on their shared morphological characters that these two may be sister species that have segregated between two adjacent altitudinally based vegetation types in a similar way to certain clades of bird species in the Cameroon Highlands such as the Turaco (Njabo & Sorensen, 2009). This hypothesis needs testing. It would most readily done by a comprehensive species-level molecular phylogenomic study of Deinbollia as has been achieved in several other genera, such as Nepenthes L.f. (Murphy et al., 2020).
The fruits of Deinbollia onanae are expected to be similar to those of other species of the genus, i.e., fleshy, indehiscent and large-seeded, suggesting that the now intermittent distribution of this species, along a line c. 570 km along peaks of the Cameroon Highland line, is due to dispersal by animals. Dispersal is or was, possibly by a fruit-eating bird such as Bannerman's Turaco (Tauraco bannermani), a species restricted to forest above 2200 m altitude (Njabo & Sorensen 2009). Alternatively, dispersal might be by a primate species such as Preuss's monkey (Allochrocebus preussi), which lives in high altitude forest up to 2500 m altitude. Both species are threatened with extinction and have been assessed as Endangered under the IUCN standard. Formerly the range of Deinbollia onanae may have once been more continuous along the mountain range than today, but it was likely greatly reduced when forest was cleared for agriculture. Large sections of the range, such as the Bamenda Highlands, are now so denuded of the original forest that they are today referred to as "The grasslands". It has been estimated in such areas that over 96.5% of the original forest has been lost .

CONCLUSIONS
Such discoveries as Deinbollia onanae underline the urgency for publishing further discoveries while it is still possible since threats to such newly discovered for science species are clear and current, putting these species at high risk of extinction. About 2000 new species of vascular plant have been discovered each year for the last decade or more . Until species are known to science, they cannot be assessed for their conservation status and the possibility of protecting them is reduced . Documented extinctions of plant species are increasing, e.g. Oxygyne triandra Schltr. of Cameroon is now known to be globally extinct (Cheek et al., 2018b). In some cases species appear to be extinct even before they are known to science, such as Vepris bali Cheek, once sympatric with Deinbollia onanae at Bali Ngemba , and elsewhere, Nepenthes maximoides Cheek (King & Cheek, 2020). Most of the >800 Cameroonian species in the Red Data Book for the plants of Cameroon are threatened with extinction due to habitat clearance or degradation, especially of forest for small-holder and plantation agriculture e.g. oil palm, following logging . Efforts are now being made to delimit the highest priority areas in Cameroon for plant conservation as Tropical Important Plant Areas (TIPAs) using the revised IPA criteria set out in Darbyshire et al., (2017). This is intended to help avoid the global extinction of additional endemic species such as the Endangered Deinbollia onanae which will be included in the proposed IPA s of Mt Kupe, Bali Ngemba, Kilum-Ijim and Dom.