PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Akshata A. Korgaonkar
AU  - Ying Li
AU  - Susan Nguyen
AU  - Jenieve Guevarra
AU  - Kevin C H Pang
AU  - Vijayalakshmi Santhakumar
TI  - Distinct cellular mediators drive the Janus Faces of Toll-like Receptor 4 regulation of network excitability which impacts working memory performance after brain Injury
AID  - 10.1101/750869
DP  - 2020 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 750869
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/01/03/750869.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/01/03/750869.full
AB  - The mechanisms by which the neurophysiological and inflammatory responses to brain injury contribute to memory impairments are not fully understood. Recently, we reported that the innate immune receptor, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) enhances AMPA receptor (AMPAR) currents and excitability in the dentate gyrus after fluid percussion brain injury (FPI) while limiting excitability in controls. Here we examine the cellular mediators underlying TLR4 regulation of dentate excitability and its impact on memory performance. In ex vivo slices, astrocytic and microglial metabolic inhibitors selectively abolished TLR4 antagonist modulation of excitability in controls, without impacting FPI rats, demonstrating that glial signaling contributes to TLR4 regulation of excitability in controls. In glia-depleted neuronal cultures from naïve mice, TLR4 ligands bidirectionally modulated AMPAR charge transfer demonstrating the ability of neuronal TLR4 to regulate excitability, as observed after brain injury. In vivo TLR4 antagonism reduced early post-injury increases in mediators of MyD88-dependent and independent TLR4 signaling without altering expression in controls. Blocking TNFα, a downstream effector of TLT4, mimicked effects of TLR4 antagonist and occluded TLR4 agonist modulation of excitability in slices from both control and FPI rats. Functionally, transiently blocking TLR4 in vivo improved impairments in working memory observed one week and one month after FPI, while the same treatment impaired memory function in uninjured controls. Together these data identify that distinct cellular signaling mechanisms converge on TNFα to mediate TLR4 modulation of network excitability in the uninjured and injured brain and demonstrate a role for TLR4 in regulation of working memory function.HighlightsTLR4 suppresses dentate excitability in controls through signaling involving gliaNeuronal TLR4 signaling underlies enhanced dentate excitability after brain injuryTNFα contributes to TLR4 regulation of excitability in the injured brainAltering TLR4 signaling impacts working memory performanceTLR4 signaling is a potential target to improve working memory after brain trauma