PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Engelen T.
AU  - Rademaker R.L.
AU  - Sack A.T
TI  - Faded visual afterimages reappear after TMS over early visual cortex
AID  - 10.1101/383893
DP  - 2018 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 383893
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/08/02/383893.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/08/02/383893.full
AB  - In the complete absence of small transients in visual inputs (e.g. by experimentally stabilizing an image on the retina, or in everyday life during intent staring), information perceived by the eyes will fade from the perceptual experience. While the mechanisms of visual fading remain poorly understood, one possibility is that higher-level brain regions actively suppress the stable visual signals via targeted inhibitory feedback onto Early Visual Cortex (EVC). Here, we used positive afterimages and multisensory conflict to induce gestaltlike fading of participants’ own hands. In two separate experiments, participants rated the perceived quality of their hands both before and after Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) was applied over EVC. In a first experiment, triple pulse TMS was able to make a faded hand appear less faded after the pulses were applied, compared to placebo pulses. A second experiment demonstrated that this was because triple pulse TMS inoculated the removed hand from fading over time. Interestingly, TMS similarly affected the left and right hand, despite being applied only over right EVC. Together, our results suggest that TMS can lift inhibitory processes in EVC and reverse the effects of visual fading. And it might do so by crossing transcollosal connections, or via multimodal integration sites in which both hands are represented.This work was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No 743941 to RLR. This work is part of the VICI research program No 453-15-008 awarded to ATS, (partly) financed by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO).