RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Phage-Antibiotic Synergy is Driven by a Unique Combination of Antibacterial Mechanism of Action and Stoichiometry
JF bioRxiv
FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
SP 2020.02.27.967034
DO 10.1101/2020.02.27.967034
A1 Carmen Gu Liu
A1 Sabrina I. Green
A1 Lorna Min
A1 Justin R. Clark
A1 Keiko C. Salazar
A1 Austen L. Terwilliger
A1 Heidi B. Kaplan
A1 Barbara W. Trautner
A1 Robert F. Ramig
A1 Anthony W. Maresso
YR 2020
UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/02/28/2020.02.27.967034.abstract
AB The continued rise in antibiotic resistance is precipitating a medical crisis. Bacteriophage (phage) has been hailed as one possible therapeutic option to augment the efficacy of antibiotics. However, only a handful of studies have addressed the synergistic relationship between phage and antibiotics. Here, we report a comprehensive analysis of phage-antibiotic interaction that evaluates synergism, additivism, and antagonism for all classes of antibiotics across clinically achievable stoichiometries. We combined an optically-based real-time microtiter plate readout with a matrix-like heatmap of treatment potencies to measure phage and antibiotic synergy (PAS), a process we term synography. Phage-antibiotic synography was performed against a pandemic drug-resistant clonal group of E. coli (ExPEC) with antibiotic levels blanketing the minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) across seven orders of viral titers. Our results suggest that, under certain conditions, phages provide an adjuvating effect by lowering the MIC for drug-resistant strains. Furthermore, synergistic and antagonistic interactions are highly dependent on the mechanism of bacterial inhibition by the class of antibiotic paired to the phage, and when synergism is observed, it suppresses the emergence of resistant cells. Host conditions that simulate the infection environment, including serum and urine, suppress PAS in a bacterial growth-dependent manner. Lastly, phage burst size seems to be a significant driver of synergism. Collectively, this data suggests lytic phages can resuscitate an ineffective antibiotic for previously resistant bacteria, while also synergize with antibiotics in a class-dependent manner, processes that may be dampened by lower bacterial growth rates found in host environments.Significance Statement Bacteriophage (phage) therapy is a promising approach to combat the rise of multi-drug resistant bacteria. Currently, the preferred clinical modality is to pair phage with an antibiotic, a practice thought to improve efficacy. However, antagonism between phage and antibiotics has been reported, the choice of phage and antibiotic is not often empirically determined, and the effect of the host factors on the effectiveness is unknown. Here, we interrogate phage-antibiotic interactions across antibiotics with different mechanisms of action. Our results suggest that phage can lower the working MIC for bacterial strains already resistant to the antibiotic, is dependent on the antibiotic class and stoichiometry of the pairing, and is dramatically influenced by the host microenvironment.