TY - JOUR T1 - Lisdexamfetamine alters BOLD-fMRI activations induced by odor cues in impulsive children JF - bioRxiv DO - 10.1101/2020.04.17.046888 SP - 2020.04.17.046888 AU - Silvia S. Hidalgo Tobón AU - Pilar Dies Suárez AU - Eduardo Barragán Pérez AU - Javier M. Hernández López AU - Julio García AU - Benito de Celis Alonso Y1 - 2020/01/01 UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/04/18/2020.04.17.046888.abstract N2 - Introduction Lisdexamfetamine (LDX) is a drug used to treat ADHD/impulsive patients. Impulsivity is known to affect inhibitory, emotional and cognitive function. On the other hand, smell and odor processing are known to be affected by neurological disorders, as they are modulators of addictive and impulsive behaviors specifically. We hypothesize that, after LDX ingestion, inhibitory pathways of the brain would change, and complementary behavioral regulation mechanisms would appear to regulate decision-making and impulsivity.Methods 20 children were studied in an aleatory crossover study. Imaging of BOLD-fMRI activity, elicited by olfactory stimulation in impulsive children, was performed after either LDX or placebo ingestion.Results Findings showed that all subjects that underwent odor stimulation presented activations of similar intensities in the olfactory centers of the brain. This contrasted with inhibitory regions of the brain such as the cingulate cortex and frontal lobe regions, which demonstrated changed activity patterns and intensities. While some differences between the placebo and medicated states were found in motor areas, precuneus, cuneus, calcarine, supramarginal, cerebellum and posterior cingulate cortex, the main changes were found in frontal, temporal and parietal cortices. When comparing olfactory cues separately, pleasant food smells like chocolate seemed not to present large differences between the medicated and placebo scenarios, when compared to non-food-related smells.Conclusions We demonstrated that LDX, first, altered the inhibitory pathways of the brain, second, increased activity in large amounts of brain regions which were not activated by smell in drug-naïve patients, third, facilitated a complementary behavioral regulation mechanism, run by the cerebellum, which regulated decision-making and impulsivity in motor and frontal structures.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.(LDX)Lisdexamfetamine,(BED)binge eating disorder,(ADHD)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,(fMRI)functional magnetic resonance imaging,(PLA)placebo,(PET)positron emission tomography,(VMPFC)ventromedial prefrontal cortex,(DLPC)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex recruitment,(CGI test)Conners’ Global Index,(BOLD)blood oxygenation level dependence,(CSF)cerebrospinal fluid,(MNI)Montreal Neurological Institute,(FWE)family-wise error correction,(ACC)anterior cingulate cortex,(BA)Brodmann area,(PCC)posterior cingulate cortex. ER -