RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 The rise of the three-spined stickleback – eco-evolutionary consequences of a mesopredator release
JF bioRxiv
FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
SP 2020.05.08.083873
DO 10.1101/2020.05.08.083873
A1 Britas Klemens Eriksson
A1 Casey Yanos
A1 Sarah Bourlat
A1 Serena Donadi
A1 Michael C. Fontaine
A1 Joakim P. Hansen
A1 Eglė Jakubavičiūtė
A1 Karine Kiragosyan
A1 Martine E. Maan
A1 Juha Merilä
A1 Åsa N. Austin
A1 Jens Olsson
A1 Katrin Reiss
A1 Göran Sundblad
A1 Ulf Bergström
A1 Johan S. Eklöf
YR 2020
UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/05/10/2020.05.08.083873.abstract
AB Declines of large predatory fish due to overexploitation are restructuring food webs across the globe. It is now becoming evident that restoring these altered food webs requires addressing not only ecological processes, but evolutionary ones as well, because human-induced rapid evolution may in turn affect ecological dynamics. In the central Baltic Sea, abundances of the mesopredatory fish, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), have increased dramatically during the past decades. Time-series data covering 22 years show that this increase coincides with a decline in the number of juvenile perch (Perca fluviatilis), the most abundant predator of stickleback along the coast. We studied the interaction between evolutionary and ecological effects of this mesopredator take-over, by surveying the armour plate morphology of stickleback and the structure of the associated food web. First, we investigated the distribution of different stickleback phenotypes depending on predator abundances and benthic production; and described the stomach content of the stickleback phenotypes using metabarcoding. Second, we explored differences in the relation between different trophic levels and benthic production, between bays where the relative abundance of fish was dominated by stickleback or not; and compared this to previous cage-experiments to support causality of detected correlations. We found two distinct lateral armour plate phenotypes of stickleback, incompletely and completely plated. The proportion of incompletely plated individuals increased with increasing benthic production and decreasing abundances of adult perch. Stomach content analyses showed that the completely plated individuals had a stronger preference for invertebrate herbivores (amphipods) than the incompletely plated ones. In addition, predator dominance interacted with ecosystem production to determine food web structure and the propagation of a trophic cascade: with increasing production, biomass accumulated on the first (macroalgae) and third (stickleback) trophic levels in stickleback-dominated bays, but on the second trophic level (invertebrate herbivores) in perch-dominated bays. Since armour plates are defence structures favoured by natural selection in the presence of fish predators, the phenotype distribution suggest that a novel low-predation regime favours sticklebacks with less armour. Our results indicate that an interaction between evolutionary and ecological effects of the stickleback take-over has the potential to affect food web dynamics.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.