RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Seasonal Changes in Diet and Toxicity in the Climbing Mantella Frog (Mantella Laevigata) JF bioRxiv FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory SP 361998 DO 10.1101/361998 A1 Nora A. Moskowitz A1 Alexandre B. Roland A1 Eva K. Fischer A1 Ndimbintsoa Ranaivorazo A1 Charles Vidoudez A1 Marianne T. Aguilar A1 Sophia M. Caldera A1 Jacqueline Chea A1 Miruna G. Cristus A1 Jett P. Crowdis A1 Bluyé DeMessie A1 Caroline R. desJardins-Park A1 Audrey H. Effenberger A1 Felipe Flores A1 Michael Giles A1 Emma Y. He A1 Nike S. Izmaylov A1 ChangWon C. Lee A1 Nicholas A. Pagel A1 Krystal K. Phu A1 Leah U. Rosen A1 Danielle A. Seda A1 Yong Shen A1 Santiago Vargas A1 Andrew W. Murray A1 Eden Abebe A1 Sunia A. Trauger A1 David A. Donoso A1 Miguel Vences A1 Lauren A. O’Connell YR 2018 UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/10/13/361998.abstract AB Poison frogs acquire chemical defenses from the environment for protection against potential predators. These defensive chemicals are lipophilic alkaloid toxins that are sequestered by poison frogs from dietary arthropods and stored in skin glands. Despite decades of research focusing on identifying poison frog toxins, we know relatively little about how environmental variation and subsequent arthropod availability impacts toxicity in poison frogs. We investigated how seasonal environmental variation influences poison frog toxin profiles through changes in the diet of the Climbing Mantella (Mantella laevigata). We collected M. laevigata females on the Nosy Mangabe island reserve in Madagascar during the wet and dry seasons and tested the hypothesis that seasonal differences in rainfall is associated with changes in the diet and skin toxin profiles of M. laevigata. The arthropod diet of each frog was characterized into five groups (i.e. ants, termites, mites, insect larvae, or ‘other’) using visual identification and cytochrome oxidase 1 DNA barcoding. We found that frog diet differed between the wet and dry seasons, where frogs had a more diverse diet in the wet season and consumed a higher percentage of ants in the dry season. To determine if seasonality was associated with variation in frog defensive chemical composition, we used gas chromatography / mass spectrometry to quantify toxins from individual skin samples. Although the assortment of identified toxins was similar across seasons, we detected significant differences in the abundance of certain alkaloids, which we hypothesize reflects seasonal variation in the diet of M. laevigata. We suggest that these variations could originate from seasonal changes in either arthropod leaf litter composition or changes in frog behavioral patterns. Although additional studies are needed to understand the consequences of long-term environmental shifts, this work suggests that toxin profiles are relatively robust against short-term environmental perturbations.