PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Aurèle Vuillemin
AU  - Sergio Vargas
AU  - Ömer K. Coskun
AU  - Robert Pockalny
AU  - Richard W. Murray
AU  - David C. Smith
AU  - Steven D’Hondt
AU  - William D. Orsi
TI  - Atribacteria reproducing over millions of years in the Atlantic abyssal subseafloor
AID  - 10.1101/2020.07.10.198200
DP  - 2020 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 2020.07.10.198200
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/07/11/2020.07.10.198200.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/07/11/2020.07.10.198200.full
AB  - How microbial metabolism is translated into cellular reproduction under energy-limited settings below the seafloor over long timescales is poorly understood. Here, we show that microbial abundance increases an order of magnitude over a five million-year-long sequence in anoxic subseafloor clay of the abyssal North Atlantic Ocean. This increase in biomass correlated with an increased number of transcribed protein-encoding genes that included those involved in cytokinesis, demonstrating that active microbial reproduction outpaces cell death in these ancient sediments. Metagenomes, metatranscriptomes, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing all show that the actively reproducing community was dominated by the candidate Phylum “Candidatus Atribacteria”, which exhibited patterns of gene expression consistent with a fermentative, and potentially acetogenic metabolism. “Ca. Atribacteria” dominated throughout the entire eight million-year-old cored sequence, despite the detection limit for gene expression being reached in five million-year-old sediments. The subseafloor reproducing “Ca. Atribacteria” also expressed genes encoding a bacterial micro-compartment that has potential to assist in secondary fermentation by recycling aldehydes and, thereby, harness additional power to reduce ferredoxin and NAD+. Expression of genes encoding the Rnf complex for generation of chemiosmotic ATP synthesis were also detected from the subseafloor “Ca. Atribacteria”, as well as the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway that could potentially have an anabolic or catabolic function. The correlation of this metabolism with cytokinesis gene expression and a net increase in biomass over the million-year-old sampled interval indicates that the “Ca. Atribacteria” can perform the necessary catabolic and anabolic functions necessary for cellular reproduction, even under energy limitation in millions of years old anoxic sediments.Importance The deep subseafloor sedimentary biosphere is one of the largest ecosystems on Earth, where microbes subsist under energy-limited conditions over long timescales. It remains poorly understood how mechanisms of microbial metabolism promote increased fitness in these settings. We discovered that the candidate bacterial Phylum “Candidatus Atribacteria” dominated a deep-sea subseafloor ecosystem, where it exhibited increased transcription of genes associated with acetogenic fermentation and reproduction in million-year old sediment. We attribute its improved fitness after burial in the seabed to its capabilities to derive energy from increasingly oxidized metabolites via a bacterial micro-compartment and utilize a potentially reversible Wood-Ljungdahl pathway to help meet anabolic and catabolic requirements for growth. Our findings show that “Ca. Atribacteria” can perform all the necessary catabolic and anabolic functions necessary for cellular reproduction, even under energy limitation in anoxic sediments that are millions of years old.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.