PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Peris Mbuthia
AU  - Edwin Murungi
AU  - Vincent Owino
AU  - Mercy Akinyi
AU  - Gillian Eastwood
AU  - Richard Nyamota
AU  - Isaac Lekolool
AU  - Maamun Jeneby
TI  - Potentially zoonotic gastrointestinal nematodes co-infecting free ranging non-human primates in Kenyan urban centres
AID  - 10.1101/2020.08.19.254714
DP  - 2020 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 2020.08.19.254714
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/08/25/2020.08.19.254714.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/08/25/2020.08.19.254714.full
AB  - Background Natural infections with soil transmitted nematodes occur in non-human primates (NHPs) and have the potential to cross primate-species boundaries and cause diseases of significant public health concern. Despite their presence in most urban centres in Kenya, comprehensive studies on their gastrointestinal parasites are scant.Objective Conduct a cross-sectional survey to identify zoonotic nematodes in free-ranging NHPs found within four selected urban and peri-urban centres in Kenya.Methods A total of 86 NHPs: 41 African green monkeys [AGM] (Chlorocebus aethiops), 30 olive baboons (Papio anubis), 5 blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) and 10 red tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) were sampled once in situ and released back to their habitat. Microscopy was used to identify nematodes egg and larvae stages in the samples. Subsequently, PCR coupled with high-resolution melting (PCR-HRM) analysis and sequencing were used to identify nodule worms.Results NHPs inhabiting densely populated urban environs in Kenya were found infected with a rich diversity of nematodes including three potentially zoonotic nematodes including Oesophagostomum stephanostomum, Oesophagostomum bifurcum and Trichostrongylus colubriformis and co-infections were common.Conclusion Phylogenetic analysis showed that O. stephanostomum from red tailed and blue monkeys have a close evolutionary relatedness to human isolates suggesting the zoonotic potential of this parasite. Moreover, we also report the first natural co-infection of O. bifurcum and O. stephanostomum in free-ranging AGMs.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.