RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Transcranial recording of electrophysiological neural activity in the rodent brain in vivo using functional photoacoustic imaging of near-infrared voltage-sensitive dye JF bioRxiv FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory SP 202408 DO 10.1101/202408 A1 Jeeun Kang A1 Haichong K. Zhang A1 Shilpa D. Kadam A1 Julie Fedorko A1 Heather Valentine A1 Adarsha P. Malla A1 Ping Yan A1 Maged M. Harraz A1 Jin U. Kang A1 Arman Rahmim A1 Albert Gjedde A1 Leslie M. Loew A1 Dean F. Wong A1 Emad M. Boctor YR 2019 UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2019/01/14/202408.abstract AB Minimally-invasive monitoring of electrophysiological neural activities in real-time—that enables quantification of neural functions without a need for invasive craniotomy and the longer time constants of fMRI and PET—presents a very challenging yet significant task for neuroimaging. In this paper, we present in vivo functional PA (fPA) imaging of chemoconvulsant rat seizure model with intact scalp using a fluorescence quenching-based cyanine voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) characterized by a lipid vesicle model mimicking different levels of membrane potential variation. The framework also involves use of a near-infrared VSD delivered through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), opened by pharmacological modulation of adenosine receptor signaling. Our normalized time-frequency analysis presented in vivo VSD response in the seizure group significantly distinguishable from those of the control groups at sub-mm spatial resolution. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recording confirmed the changes of severity and frequency of brain activities, induced by chemoconvulsant seizures of the rat brain. The findings demonstrate that the near-infrared fPA VSD imaging is a promising tool for in vivo recording of brain activities through intact scalp, which would pave a way to its future translation.