PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Lindstedt, Carita
AU  - Bagley, Robin
AU  - Calhim, Sara
AU  - Jones, Mackenzie
AU  - Linnen, Catherine
TI  - The impact of life stage and pigment source on the evolution of novel warning signal traits
AID  - 10.1101/2020.10.20.346700
DP  - 2020 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 2020.10.20.346700
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/10/21/2020.10.20.346700.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/10/21/2020.10.20.346700.full
AB  - Our understanding of how novel color traits evolve in aposematic taxa is based largely on studies of reproductive stages and organisms with endogenously produced pigmentation. In these systems, genetic drift is often required for novel alleles to overcome strong purifying selection stemming from frequency-dependent predation and positive assortative mating. Here we show that the importance of these mechanisms can differ if selective processes are considered in larval stage instead. By integrating population genomic data, predation experiments and phenotypic measurements of larvae and their host plants, we show that novel white alleles in Neodiprion lecontei (pine sawfly) larvae spread via selection rather than drift. The cost of being rare was not offset by an enhanced aposematic display or immune function. Instead, bottom-up selection via host plants may drive divergence among populations as white larvae were disproportionately abundant on a pine species with a reduced carotenoid content relative to other pine hosts.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.