PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Petri Kemppainen AU - Zitong Li AU - Pasi Rastas AU - Ari Löytynoja AU - Bohao Fang AU - Jing Yang AU - Baocheng Guo AU - Takahito Shikano AU - Juha Merilä TI - Genetic population structure constrains local adaptation in sticklebacks AID - 10.1101/2020.01.17.908970 DP - 2021 Jan 01 TA - bioRxiv PG - 2020.01.17.908970 4099 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/01/20/2020.01.17.908970.short 4100 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/01/20/2020.01.17.908970.full AB - Repeated and independent adaptation to specific environmental conditions from standing genetic variation is common. However, if genetic variation is limited, the evolution of similar locally adapted traits may be restricted to genetically different and potentially less optimal solutions or prevented from happening altogether. Using a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping approach, we identified the genomic regions responsible for the repeated pelvic reduction (PR) in three crosses between nine-spined stickleback populations expressing full and reduced pelvic structures. In one cross, PR mapped to linkage group 7 (LG7) containing the gene Pitx1, known to control pelvic reduction also in the three-spined stickleback. In the two other crosses, PR was polygenic and attributed to ten novel QTL, of which 90% were unique to specific crosses. When screening the genomes from 27 different populations for deletions in the Pitx1 regulatory element, these were only found in the population in which PR mapped to LG7, even though the morphological data indicated large effect QTL for PR in several other populations as well. Consistent with the available theory and simulations parameterised on empirical data, we hypothesise that the observed variability in genetic architecture of PR is due to heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of standing genetic variation caused by >2x stronger population structuring among freshwater populations and >10x stronger genetic isolation by distance in the sea in nine-spined sticklebacks as compared to three-spined sticklebacks.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.