PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Jordan A. Anderson AU - Amanda J. Lea AU - Tawni N. Voyles AU - Mercy Y. Akinyi AU - Ruth Nyakundi AU - Lucy Ochola AU - Martin Omondi AU - Fred Nyundo AU - Yingying Zhang AU - Fernando A. Campos AU - Susan C. Alberts AU - Elizabeth A. Archie AU - Jenny Tung TI - Distinct gene regulatory signatures of dominance rank and social bond strength in wild baboons AID - 10.1101/2021.05.31.446340 DP - 2021 Jan 01 TA - bioRxiv PG - 2021.05.31.446340 4099 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/05/31/2021.05.31.446340.short 4100 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/05/31/2021.05.31.446340.full AB - The social environment is a major determinant of morbidity, mortality, and Darwinian fitness in social animals. Recent studies have begun to uncover the molecular processes associated with these relationships, but the degree to which they vary across different dimensions of the social environment remains unclear. Here, we draw on a long-term field study of wild baboons to compare the signatures of affiliative and competitive aspects of the social environment in white blood cell gene regulation, under both immune stimulated and non-stimulated conditions. We find that the effects of dominance rank on gene expression are directionally opposite in males versus females, such that high-ranking males resemble low-ranking females, and vice-versa. Among females, rank and social bond strength are both reflected in the activity of cellular metabolism and proliferation genes. However, pronounced rank-related differences in baseline immune gene activity are near-absent for social bond strength, while only bond strength predicts the fold-change response to immune (lipopolysaccharide) stimulation. Together, our results indicate that the directionality and magnitude of social effects on gene regulation depend on the aspect of the social environment under study. This heterogeneity may help explain why social environmental effects on health and longevity can also vary between measures.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.