RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Brain charts for the human lifespan JF bioRxiv FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory SP 2021.06.08.447489 DO 10.1101/2021.06.08.447489 A1 R.A.I. Bethlehem A1 J. Seidlitz A1 S.R. White A1 J.W. Vogel A1 K.M. Anderson A1 C. Adamson A1 S. Adler A1 G.S. Alexopoulos A1 E. Anagnostou A1 A. Areces-Gonzalez A1 D.E. Astle A1 B. Auyeung A1 M. Ayub A1 G. Ball A1 S. Baron-Cohen A1 R. Beare A1 S.A. Bedford A1 V. Benegal A1 F. Beyer A1 J. Bin Bae A1 J. Blangero A1 M. Blesa Cábez A1 J.P. Boardman A1 M. Borzage A1 J.F. Bosch-Bayard A1 N. Bourke A1 V.D. Calhoun A1 M.M. Chakravarty A1 C. Chen A1 C. Chertavian A1 G. Chetelat A1 Y.S. Chong A1 J.H. Cole A1 A. Corvin A1 E. Courchesne A1 F. Crivello A1 V.L. Cropley A1 J. Crosbie A1 N. Crossley A1 M. Delarue A1 S. Desrivieres A1 G. Devenyi A1 M.A. Di Biase A1 R. Dolan A1 K.A. Donald A1 G. Donohoe A1 K. Dunlop A1 A.D. Edwards A1 J.T. Elison A1 C.T. Ellis A1 J.A. Elman A1 L. Eyler A1 D.A. Fair A1 P.C. Fletcher A1 P. Fonagy A1 C.E. Franz A1 L. Galan-Garcia A1 A. Gholipour A1 J. Giedd A1 J.H. Gilmore A1 D.C. Glahn A1 I. Goodyer A1 P.E. Grant A1 N.A. Groenewold A1 F.M. Gunning A1 R.E. Gur A1 R.C. Gur A1 C.F. Hammill A1 O. Hansson A1 T. Hedden A1 A. Heinz A1 R. Henson A1 K. Heuer A1 J. Hoare A1 B. Holla A1 A.J. Holmes A1 R. Holt A1 H. Huang A1 K. Im A1 J. Ipser A1 C.R. Jack, Jr A1 A.P. Jackowski A1 T. Jia A1 K.A. Johnson A1 P.B. Jones A1 D.T. Jones A1 R. Kahn A1 H. Karlsson A1 L. Karlsson A1 R. Kawashima A1 E.A. Kelley A1 S. Kern A1 K. Kim A1 M.G. Kitzbichler A1 W.S. Kremen A1 F. Lalonde A1 B. Landeau A1 S. Lee A1 J. Lerch A1 J.D. Lewis A1 J. Li A1 W. Liao A1 D.P. Linares A1 C. Liston A1 M.V. Lombardo A1 J. Lv A1 C. Lynch A1 T.T. Mallard A1 M. Marcelis A1 R.D. Markello A1 B. Mazoyer A1 P. McGuire A1 M.J. Meaney A1 A. Mechelli A1 N. Medic A1 B. Misic A1 S.E. Morgan A1 D. Mothersill A1 J. Nigg A1 M.Q.W. Ong A1 C. Ortinau A1 R. Ossenkoppele A1 M. Ouyang A1 L. Palaniyappan A1 L. Paly A1 P.M. Pan A1 C. Pantelis A1 M.M. Park A1 T. Paus A1 Z. Pausova A1 A. Pichet Binette A1 K. Pierce A1 X. Qian A1 J. Qiu A1 A. Qiu A1 A. Raznahan A1 T. Rittman A1 C.K. Rollins A1 R. Romero-Garcia A1 L. Ronan A1 M.D. Rosenberg A1 D.H. Rowitch A1 G.A. Salum A1 T.D. Satterthwaite A1 H.L. Schaare A1 R.J. Schachar A1 A.P. Schultz A1 G. Schumann A1 M. Schöll A1 D. Sharp A1 R.T. Shinohara A1 I. Skoog A1 C.D. Smyser A1 R.A. Sperling A1 D.J. Stein A1 A. Stolicyn A1 J. Suckling A1 G. Sullivan A1 Y. Taki A1 B. Thyreau A1 R. Toro A1 K.A. Tsvetanov A1 N.B. Turk-Browne A1 J.J. Tuulari A1 C. Tzourio A1 É. Vachon-Presseau A1 M.J. Valdes-Sosa A1 P.A. Valdes-Sosa A1 S.L. Valk A1 T. van Amelsvoort A1 S.N. Vandekar A1 L. Vasung A1 L.W. Victoria A1 S. Villeneuve A1 A. Villringer A1 P.E. Vértes A1 K. Wagstyl A1 Y.S. Wang A1 S.K. Warfield A1 V. Warrier A1 E. Westman A1 M.L. Westwater A1 H.C. Whalley A1 A.V. Witte A1 N. Yang A1 B.T.T. Yeo A1 H.J. Yun A1 A. Zalesky A1 H.J. Zar A1 A. Zettergren A1 J.H. Zhou A1 H. Ziauddeen A1 A. Zugman A1 X.N. Zuo A1 AIBL A1 Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative A1 Alzheimer’s Disease Repository Without Borders Investigators A1 ASRB A1 CALM Team A1 Cam-CAN A1 CCNP, 3R-BRAIN A1 COBRE A1 ENIGMA Developmental Brain Age working group A1 FinnBrain A1 Harvard Aging Brain Study A1 IMAGEN, KNE96 A1 NSPN A1 OASIS-3 A1 OpenPain Project A1 POND A1 The PREVENT-AD Research Group, VETSA, Bullmore, E.T. A1 A.F. Alexander-Bloch YR 2021 UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/10/2021.06.08.447489.abstract AB Over the past 25 years, neuroimaging has become a ubiquitous tool in basic research and clinical studies of the human brain. However, there are no reference standards against which to anchor measures of individual differences in brain morphology, in contrast to growth charts for traits such as height and weight. Here, we built an interactive online resource (www.brainchart.io) to quantify individual differences in brain structure from any current or future magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study, against models of expected age-related trends. With the goal of basing these on the largest and most inclusive dataset, we aggregated MRI data spanning 115 days post-conception through 100 postnatal years, totaling 122,123 scans from 100,071 individuals in over 100 studies across 6 continents. When quantified as centile scores relative to the reference models, individual differences show high validity with non-MRI brain growth estimates and high stability across longitudinal assessment. Centile scores helped identify previously unreported brain developmental milestones and demonstrated increased genetic heritability compared to non-centiled MRI phenotypes. Crucially for the study of brain disorders, centile scores provide a standardised and interpretable measure of deviation that reveals new patterns of neuroanatomical differences across neurological and psychiatric disorders emerging during development and ageing. In sum, brain charts for the human lifespan are an essential first step towards robust, standardised quantification of individual variation and for characterizing deviation from age-related trends. Our global collaborative study provides such an anchorpoint for basic neuroimaging research and will facilitate implementation of research-based standards in clinical studies.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.